Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis: A New Entity within the Spectrum of Rare Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias by Karina Portillo, Ignasi Guasch, Caroline Becker, Felipe Andreo, Maria Teresa Fernández-Figueras, José Ramirez Ruz, Carlos Martinez-Barenys, Samuel García-Reina, Pedro Lopez de Castro, Irene Sansano, Ana Villar, Juan Ruiz-Manzano

“…PPFE is characterized by pleural and subpleural parenchymal thickening due to elastic fiber proliferation, mainly in the upper lobes. The etiology of the disease is unclear, although some cases have been associated as a complication after bone marrow transplantation, lung transplantation (LT), chemotherapy, and recurrent respiratory infections. …”
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Acute Dilatation, Ischemia, and Necrosis of Stomach without Perforation by Manash Ranjan Sahoo, Anil T. Kumar, Sunil Jaiswal, Siba Narayan Bhujabal

“…Acute gastric dilatation can have multiple etiologies which may lead to ischemia of the stomach. …”
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Analysis of Embryoid Bodies Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Means to Assess Pluripotency by Steven D. Sheridan, Vasudha Surampudi, Raj R. Rao

“…Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have core properties of unlimited self-renewal and differentiation potential and have emerged as exciting cell sources for applications in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, understanding of development, and disease etiology. Key among numerous criteria to assess pluripotency includes the in vivo teratoma assay that has been widely proposed as a standard functional assay to demonstrate the pluripotency of hiPSCs. …”
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Late Onset Anaphylaxis in a Hydatid Cyst Case Presenting with Chronic Urticaria by Insu Yilmaz, Omur Aydin, Alexis Okoh, Zeynep Misirligil

“…We emphasize that physicians should be aware of hydatid cyst as a possible etiology for seemingly chronic spontaneous urticaria, especially in endemic regions. …”
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Ultraviolet Radiation and the Slug Transcription Factor Induce Proinflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mediator Expression in Melanocytes by Stephanie H. Shirley, Elizabeth A. Grimm, Donna F. Kusewitt

“…Despite extensive investigation, the precise contribution of the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) component of sunlight to melanoma etiology remains unclear. UVR induces keratinocytes to secrete proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators that promote inflammation and skin tumor development; expression of the slug transcription factor in keratinocytes is required for maximal production of these mediators. …”
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Two Case Reports of Varicocele Rupture during Sexual Intercourse and Review of the Literature by Chalil Arif, Konstantinos Kotoulas, Chrysostomos Georgellis, Konstantinos Frigkas, Athanasios Bantis, Emmanouil Patris

“…The varicocele is considered an etiological factor for male infertility. Although different pathophysiological patterns have been proposed, there is no consensus in the urological society to date. …”
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Factors Influencing Oxidative Imbalance in Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Immunohistochemical Study by Simona Inghilleri, Patrizia Morbini, Ilaria Campo, Michele Zorzetto, Tiberio Oggionni, Ernesto Pozzi, Maurizio Luisetti

“…Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by interstitial fibrosis determining irreversible distortion of pulmonary architecture. …”
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Co-design of the neurodevelopment assessment scale by Tsz Ying Wong, Syeda Ishra Azim, Christa Lam-Cassettari, Ping-I. Lin, Ping-I. Lin, Antonio Mendoza Diaz, Antonio Mendoza Diaz, Antonio Mendoza Diaz, Alicia Montgomery, Anne Masi, Kylie-Ann Mallitt, Kylie-Ann Mallitt, Andrew Whitehouse, Mark R. Dadds, Valsamma Eapen

“…IntroductionNeurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have high comorbidity rates and shared etiology. Nevertheless, NDD assessment is diagnosis-driven and focuses on symptom profiles of individual disorders, which hinders diagnosis and treatment. …”
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Seronegative Intestinal Villous Atrophy: A Diagnostic Challenge by Cláudio Martins, Cristina Teixeira, Suzane Ribeiro, Daniel Trabulo, Cláudia Cardoso, João Mangualde, Ricardo Freire, Ana Luísa Alves, Élia Gamito, Isabelle Cremers, Ana Paula Oliveira

“…In these cases, before establishing the diagnosis of seronegative celiac disease, alternative etiologies of atrophic enteropathy should be considered. …”
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Herpes Simplex Proctitis Mimicking Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Teenaged Male by Kristen E. Sandgren, Nathan B. Price, Warren P. Bishop, Patrick J. McCarthy

“…Though proctitis is most commonly due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infectious etiologies must also be considered, including sexually transmitted causes of infectious proctitis. …”
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The Role of −786T/C Polymorphism in the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Males with Clinical and Biochemical Features of the Metabolic Syndrome by Blazej Misiak, Marta Krolik, Anna Kukowka, Anna Lewera, Przemyslaw Leszczynski, Joanna Stankiewicz-Olczyk, Ryszard Slezak

“…The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of −786T/C polymorphism in the etiology of MS and assess previously reported interaction with cigarette smoking. …”
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Pneumatosis Intestinalis: A Case Report and Approach to Management by Sean Donovan, Joseph Cernigliaro, Nancy Dawson

“…Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI), defined as gas within the bowel wall, is an uncommon radiographic sign which can represent a wide spectrum of diseases and a variety of underlying diagnoses. Because its etiology can vary greatly, management of PI ranges from surgical intervention to outpatient observation (see, Greenstein et al. (2007), Morris et al. (2008), and Peter et al. (2003)). …”
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Fetal intracranial hemorrhage in second trimester: An ominous finding even after a normal array by Yu-Hong Long, Si-Qi Wu, Xin Wang, Li-Ping Wu, Yi-Min Xiong, Xin Yang, Feng-Xiang Wei

“…Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of image-assisted examinations such as prenatal ultrasound and MRI, and that WES is a critical tool to establish the genetic etiology.…”
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Screening Wild Birds for Tick-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens in Portugal by Filipa Loureiro, João R. Mesquita, Luís Cardoso, Sérgio Santos-Silva, Guilherme Moreira, Jaqueline T. Bento, Vanessa Soeiro, Andreia Gonçalves, Filipe Silva, Patrícia F. Barradas, Ana C. Matos, Manuela Matos, Ana Cláudia Coelho

“…Migratory bird species play a significant role in the introduction of tick-borne pathogens to new geographic areas, contributing to the dissemination of various etiological agents. This preliminary study aimed to assess the occurrence of four potentially zoonotic pathogens (<i>Hepatozoon</i> spp., <i>Borrelia</i> spp., <i>Babesia</i> spp. and <i>Theileria</i> spp.) in the wild birds of Portugal. …”
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Priapism in Antipsychotic Drug Use: A Rare but Important Side Effect by Igne Sinkeviciute, Rune A. Kroken, Erik Johnsen

“…The case thus illustrates the etiological complexity which could delay a diagnosis of antipsychotic-induced priapism, and the problem of establishing a link between priapism and one particular ingredient of a drug combination. …”
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Atypical Vascular Involvement in a Case of Behçet's Disease by Alejandro Rodríguez Morata, Ana Hidalgo Conde, Carlos de la Cruz Cosme, Susana Gómez Ramírez, Rafael Gómez Medialdea

“…Behçet's disease (BD) is a form of vasculitis of unknown etiology which is rare in our environment. It is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations and usually affects young adults. …”
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Diagnosing Spinal Gout: A Rare Case of Back Pain and Fever by Andres Cordova Sanchez, Maneesh Bisen, Farzam Khokhar, Adriana May, Jihad Ben Gabr

“…Imaging findings are, for the most part, nonspecific and often mimic infectious etiologies. Definitive diagnosis requires pathological examination. …”
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Update on the Medical Management of Gastrointestinal Behçet’s Disease by Giuseppe Lopalco, Donato Rigante, Vincenzo Venerito, Claudia Fabiani, Rossella Franceschini, Michele Barone, Giovanni Lapadula, Mauro Galeazzi, Bruno Frediani, Florenzo Iannone, Luca Cantarini

“…Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology mainly defined by recurrent oral aphthosis, genital ulcers, and chronic relapsing bilateral uveitis, all of which represent the “stigmata” of disease. …”
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Unusual Dermoid Cyst in Oral Cavity by Evanice Menezes Marçal Vieira, Alvaro Henrique Borges, Luis Evaristo Ricci Volpato, Alessandra Nogueira Porto, Artur Aburad Carvalhosa, Gilberto de Almeida Botelho, Matheus Coelho Bandeca

“…Dermoid cysts in oral cavity are unusual lesions. Their etiology is not yet clear and can be associated with trapped cells as a result of the inclusion error resulting in the development into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm tissues. …”
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The Genetic Basis of Congenital Cataracts: Advances in Diagnostics and Therapeutics by Agnieszka Starzyk, Piotr Charzewski

“…This study reviewed literature from 2000 to 2023 on genetic etiology, surgical management, and emerging therapies. …”
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