Prenatal Diagnosis of Cystic Hygroma related to a Deletion of 16q24.1 with Haploinsufficiency of FOXF1 and FOXC2 Genes by Matthew J. Garabedian, Donna Wallerstein, Nubia Medina, James Byrne, Robert J. Wallerstein

“…This case highlights the power of whole genomic aCGH to further delineate the etiology of birth defects.…”
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Break through the mold: Hyper-IgE syndrome as a vehicle for invasive aspergillosis by Joseph Nordin, Stephen Smetana, Rachel Johnson, Angela Bartosiak, Nicholas Nassif

“…We hope this discussion helps highlight the importance of a broad differential in chronic dyspnea, including infectious etiologies, and allows for a better understanding of immunologic labs in the setting of fungal infections.…”
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A Case Report of Improved Palmoplantar Pustulosis following Periodontal Treatment and Possible Association with Diminished Systemic Subclinical Inflammation by Akiko Yamashita, Tomomi Sano, Misaki Iwashita, Fusanori Nishimura

“…Focal infection may exacerbate the symptoms of PPP, but the etiology is not fully clear. A 56-year-old woman with PPP was diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis. …”
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Trichophyton as a Rare Cause of Postoperative Wound Infection Resistant to Standard Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy by Sheema Gaffar, John K. Birknes, Kenji M. Cunnion

“…Fungal infections are rare causes of acute surgical wound infections, but Candida is not an infrequent etiology in chronic wound infections. Trichophyton species is a common cause of tinea capitis but has not been reported as a cause of neurosurgical wound infection. …”
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A Rare Tumor with a Very Rare Initial Presentation: Thymic Carcinoma as Bone Marrow Metastasis by Sonam Sharma, Leelavathi Dawson

“…They constitute a heterogeneous group that has an unknown etiology and a complex as well as varied biology. This has led to difficulty in their histological classification and in predicting their prognostic and survival markers. …”
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SDHB-Associated Paraganglioma in a Pediatric Patient and Literature Review on Hereditary Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma Syndromes by Heather Choat, Kerri Derrevere, Lisa Knight, Whitney Brown, Elizabeth H. Mack

“…In addition, we review the etiology, genetics, diagnostic approach, and challenges of preoperative management of secretory pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas in children.…”
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Alcohol-induced liver disease: primary and secondary prevention by S. V. Plyusnin, K. V. Ivashkin, A. N. Bobrov, S. A. Belyakin, I. V. Plyusnina

“…Alcohol is the main etiological factor of liver cirrhosis in Russia. Prompt change of situation with alcohol abuse is required for reduction of morbidity and mortality. …”
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Rare Hybrid Tumor of Odontogenic Fibromyxoma and Central Giant Cell Granuloma in Maxilla: First Reported Case by Narayan Dutt Pandey, Sushilkumar Balasaheb Bagul, Rajeev Ramesh Talmohite, Amit Kumar Choudhary

“…Fibromyxoma is a locally aggressive rare benign tumor of mesenchymal origin with or without odontogenic epithelium. The etiology of this tumor remains unknown and it is responsible for approximately 3–8% of all cysts and tumors. …”
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Oral manifestations of autoimmune connective tissue diseases by Akshat Pandey, Mimansha Pandey, Ved Prakash Pandey, Vinod Ravindran

“…Autoimmune connective tissue diseases possess difficulty in diagnosis and treatment due to uncertainty in etiology, a wide array of clinical presentation, and unpredictable disease course. …”
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A Tumultuous Course of Exogenous Testosterone by a Bodybuilder Causing a Catastrophic Hypercoagulable State in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit by Kevin Lee, Sophia Toraby, Robert Cotterman, Babatunde Oriowo, John Fish

“…As a result, clinicians should consider exogenous testosterone use as a potential risk factor when the etiology of a patient’s thrombotic events are not clear. …”
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Rapunzel Syndrome: A Rare Postpartum Case by Teshome Tegene, Yahia Foda, Omar Hussain, Kolawole Oloniyo, Ngoc-Tram Ha, Geeta Manikonda

“…However, due to its broad and nonspecific presenting symptoms, the diagnosis of Rapunzel syndrome warrants consideration once other common etiologies have been excluded. Surgical intervention is often required to remove the abdominal mass. …”
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Methamphetamine-Induced Bowel Ischemia in a 50-Year-Old Male by Brian Kurtz, Abdalhai Alshoubi, Katrina Nguyen, Eric Gehres

“…NOMI has a high fatality rate, and we recommend providers include drug-induced bowel infarction on their differential when presented with findings of ischemic bowel of unclear etiology.…”
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An update on oral manifestations of systemic disorders in dogs and cats by Claire Dosenberry, Boaz Arzi, Carrie Palm, Natalia Vapniarsky, Maria Soltero-Rivera

“…Oral lesions are common in dogs and cats, and determining the underlying etiology of these lesions can be challenging. A wide range of systemic ailments may lead to lesions in the oral cavity, including immune-mediated diseases, adverse drug reactions, viral and bacterial infections, and metabolic and autoimmune diseases. …”
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Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis association by L. Matukynaitė, G. Repšytė, R. Liutkevičienė, R. Balnytė

“…The close relation between these two conditions in etiology and pathogenesis is a key to finding the earliest and the most accurate diagnostic possibilities, which is linked to a better understanding of the ongoing mechanisms. …”
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Current Pharmacologic Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia by Kristen Tropea, Helen Christou

“…Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication of preterm birth and has serious adverse long-term health consequences. The etiology of BPD is complex, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. …”
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“Almost Bleeding to Death”: The Conundrum of Acquired Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia by Gabrielle Elena Brown, Hani M. Babiker, Carlos L. Cantu, Andrew M. Yeager, Ravitharan Krishnadasan

“…Previous in vitro studies postulated both cell-mediated suppression of megakaryocytopoiesis in early megakaryocytic progenitor cells and humoral-mediated suppression by anti-thrombopoietin antibodies as possible etiologies of AAT. Patients with AAT usually present with severe bleeding and thrombocytopenia that is unresponsive to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). …”
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A case report: Endobronchial ultrasound guided biopsy of radiographically normal size thoracic lymph nodes supporting diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis by Jee Young You, Manuel L. Ribeiro Neto

“…Sarcoidosis is a rare chronic granulomatous disease with unknown etiology. Definite diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is especially difficult to establish. …”
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Acute Liver Failure Secondary to Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer by Emmanuel C. Gorospe, Jemilat Badamas

“…Although cases of ALF from metastatic disease have been reported, etiologies have been largely confined to lymphoma, metastatic breast, lung, and gastric cancers. …”
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Diagnostics and treatment of cardiac achalasia and cardiospasm: guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association by V. T. Ivashkin, A. S. Trukhmanov, E. A. Godzhello, I. V. Mayev, Yu. V. Evsyutina, T. L. Lapina, O. A. Storonova

“…Cardiac achalasia is primary esophageal motor function disorder manifested by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and defects of thoracic esophagus peristalsis. Etiology of the disease remains unknown. Three main hypotheses of disease etiology are discussed: genetic, contagious and autoimmune. …”
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Should we consider microbiota-based interventions as a novel therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis by Lucas Hassib, Alexandre Kanashiro, João Francisco Cordeiro Pedrazzi, Bárbara Ferreira Vercesi, Sayuri Higa, Íris Arruda, Yago Soares, Adriana de Jesus de Souza, Alceu Afonso Jordão, Francisco Silveira Guimarães, Frederico Rogério Ferreira

“…Due to this multifactorial etiology and neurobiology, leading to a wide heterogeneity of symptoms and clinical presentations, current antipsychotic treatments face challenges, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. …”
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