Case report: Basal cell carcinoma arising within the nevus sebaceous: report of 4 cases and literature review by Tianbing Lei, Yonghong Lu, Yanyan Feng, Yao Ni

“…The pathological diagnoses were unequivocal in all four patients, who exhibited typical clinical manifestations, with all cases localized to the left parietotemporal region of the scalp. The etiology of NS may be linked to genetic mutations or ultraviolet exposure. …”
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Hypocalcemia as a Cause of Complex Febrile Seizures in a Toddler by Kevin Meesters, Tessa Wassenberg, Jesse Vanbesien

“…Therefore, prior to administering intravenous calcium gluconate, we took blood samples to investigate the etiology of this hypocalcemia: magnesium, parathormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. …”
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Giant Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm in an Asymptomatic Young Male by Priyank Shah, Nishant Gupta, Irvin Goldfarb, Fayez Shamoon

“…It is a rare finding since most patients will present with complications of dissection or rupture before the size of aneurysm reaches that magnitude. Etiological factors include atherosclerosis, Marfan’s syndrome, giant cell arteritis, tuberculosis, syphilis, HIV-associated vasculitis, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and medial agenesis. …”
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Nanosystems for modulation of immune responses in periodontal therapy: a mini-review by Anirudh B. Acharya, Usha Hegde, Swetha Acharya

“…The current understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis has unraveled the importance of the inflammatory and immune reactions to combat periodontitis whose etiology is an overlap of microbial, genetic, and environmental factors in a susceptible host. …”
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Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin by Prasanta Padhan, Krishna Prasad Tripathy, Saroj Ranjan Sahoo, Debasish Maikup, Nachiketa Mahapatra

“…Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease (KFD), or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare benign, self-limiting disorder of unknown etiology. Mostly prevalent among Asian women, KFD manifests mostly with cervical and rarely generalized or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy in addition to fever. …”
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Masson's tumor of the parotid gland: A case report and literature review by Fawaz Alotaibi, Abdulrahman Hesham, Marwa Hatem, Yousef Alshamrani, Areil Cuevas Ocampo, Chinedum Okafor

“…Masson's tumor, also known as intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), is a rare benign vascular lesion characterized by an abnormal proliferation of endothelial cells within blood vessels, forming papillary structures that can occur in various parts of the body, including the parotid gland. Masson's etiology and risk factors remain unclear, but trauma and vascular pathological conditions may contribute to tumor progression. …”
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Unilateral Optic Neuritis: A Rare Complication after Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in a 30-Year-Old Woman by Chiara De Giacinto, Elvira Guaglione, Pia E. Leon, Rossella D’Aloisio, Odilla Vattovani, Giuseppe Ravalico, Daniele Tognetto

“…It may be a toxic reaction to the nonviral component of the vaccine, but the exact etiology is unknown. Postvaccination neuritis is generally bilateral and usually affects children. …”
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Relapsing Polychondritis in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis Using Etanercept by Valderilio Feijó Azevedo, Natalia Bassalobre Galli, Alais Daiane Fadini Kleinfelder, Julia Farabolini D’Ippolito, Andressa Gulin Tolentino, Eduardo Paiva

“…Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation and progressive destruction of cartilaginous tissues, especially of the ears, nose, joints, and tracheobronchial tree. Its etiology is not well understood, but some studies have linked its pathophysiology with autoimmune disease and autoantibody production. …”
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Estimation of invasive pneumococcal disease dynamics parameters and the impact of conjugate vaccination in Australia by Karyn L. Sutton, H.T. Banks, Carlos Castillo-Chávez

“…Pneumococcal diseases, or infections from the etiological agent Streptococcus pneumoniae, have long been a major cause of morbidity andmortality worldwide. …”
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Autoimmune and iodine deficiency diseases of the thyroid gland as the "tip of the iceberg" of multiple organ pathology by Ekaterina A. Troshina

“…The article presents modern data on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune and iodine deficiency diseases in the context of possible associations with other autoimmune and non-autoimmune somatic pathologies. …”
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Genetic Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cholangitis by Satoru Joshita, Takeji Umemura, Eiji Tanaka, Masao Ota

“…Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy is the most effective and approved treatment for PBC and leads to a favorable outcome in the vast majority of cases. Although the etiology of PBC has not yet been elucidated, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles have been consistently associated with disease onset for decades. …”
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Relationship between Periodontitis and Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease by Magda Pinilla Pérez, Elisa DBeche Riambau, Miriam Castro Ortega

“…Periodontitis is an immunoinflammatory disorder of microbial etiology caused by unique germs in the oral cavity that can spread through the bloodstream, activate the host's inflammatory response and promote the formation, maturation and exacerbation of atheromatous plaque. …”
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Bilateral Simultaneous Heterotopic Ossification of the Reflected Head of Rectus Femoris Muscle: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Murat Tonbul, Seyma Ozen, Ayse Tuba Tonbul

“…It is a benign condition; however, its etiology remains largely unknown. Most previously reported cases have been due to trauma or intramuscular hemorrhage. …”
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A Rare Cause of Acute Kidney Injury in a Female Patient with Breast Cancer Presenting as Renal Colic by Roxana Jurubita, Bogdan Obrisca, Gener Ismail

“…The unspecific presenting symptoms often mask the true etiology of the patient’s complaints. We present here a rare case of renal infarction that occurred in the setting of a hypercoagulable state, in a female patient with a history of breast cancer and documented hepatic metastases.…”
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Comprehensive review of myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: prevention, intervention, and long-term management strategies by Moiud Mohyeldin, Sarah J. Norman, Ayzia Carney, Courtney Odza

“…This review article explores the epidemiology, etiology, and management of MINS, with a particular focus on prevention and the latest management strategies. …”
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Canine lung carcinoma—A descriptive review by Aleksandra Marcinowska, Aleksandra Marcinowska, Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta, Felisbina Queiroga, Felisbina Queiroga, Antonio Giuliano, Antonio Giuliano, Antonio Giuliano

“…This review article discusses the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, staging, treatment options, and prognosis of primary lung carcinoma in dogs.…”
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Multiple Congenital Epulis in Alveolar Ridges of Maxilla and Mandible in a Newborn: A Rare Case Report by Nader Saki, Somayeh Araghi

“…The left side incisor area is the most common site. The etiology and histogenesis of the lesion remain obscure. …”
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Bortezomib-Induced Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia by E. Vandeix, F. Favard, N. Pichon, M. Delage-Corre, B. Melloni, M. Clavel

“…Faced with severe respiratory symptoms in the absence of other etiologies, complications due to bortezomid treatment should be evoked and corticotherapy considered.…”
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Cardiorenal Syndromes and Sepsis by C. Chelazzi, G. Villa, A. R. De Gaudio

“…In particular, the importance of systemic and intrarenal endothelial dysfunction, alterations of kidney perfusion, and myocardial function, organ “crosstalk” and ubiquitous inflammatory injury have been extensively reviewed in light of their role in cardiorenal syndrome etiology. Treatment includes early and targeted optimization of hemodynamics to reverse systemic hypotension and restore urinary output. …”
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Vaginal Urinary Calculi Formation Secondary to Vaginal Mesh Exposure with Urinary Incontinence by Kara M. Griffiths, Geoffrey D. Towers, Jerome L. Yaklic

“…Pathology confirmed urinary etiology. The exposed mesh resolved with topical estrogen. …”
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