Cytokines and Other Mediators in Alopecia Areata by Stamatis Gregoriou, Dafni Papafragkaki, George Kontochristopoulos, Eustathios Rallis, Dimitrios Kalogeromitros, Dimitris Rigopoulos

“…Alopecia areata, a disease of the hair follicles with multifactorial etiology and a strong component of autoimmune origin, has been extensively studied as far as the role of several cytokines is concerned. …”
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Hybrid discrete-continuous model of invasive bladder cancer by Eugene Kashdan, Svetlana Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky

“…Bladder cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide.Epidemiological studies and experiments implicated chemicalpenetration into urothelium (epithelial tissue surrounding bladder) inthe etiology of bladder cancer.In this workwe model invasive bladder cancer. …”
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Contribution of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation to Retinal Degenerative Diseases by Maria H. Madeira, Raquel Boia, Paulo F. Santos, António F. Ambrósio, Ana R. Santiago

“…A better understanding of the events elicited and mediated by retinal microglia will contribute to the clarification of disease etiology and might open new avenues for potential therapeutic interventions. …”
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Recurrent Bacterial Meningitis in a Child with Mondini Dysplasia by Eda Kepenekli-Kadayifci, Ayşe Karaaslan, Serkan Atıcı, Adem Binnetoğlu, Murat Sarı, Ahmet Soysal, Gülşen Altınkanat, Mustafa Bakır

“…During the evaluation to determine the etiology of the RBM, cystic malformation in the cochlea and vestibular dilatation consistent with Mondini dysplasia were detected via computerized tomography (CT) of the temporal bone.…”
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Erectile Dysfunction: Just a Difficulty of the Sex Organs? by Teresa Rodríguez Rodríguez

“…The health personnel who care for these patients must be updated about their causes, current treatments, new approaches that deepen its etiology, evolution, implications and association with other diseases. …”
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No-Reflow Phenomenon and Endothelial Glycocalyx of Microcirculation by Alexander V. Maksimenko, Askar D. Turashev

“…The no-reflow phenomenon holds special place in the multifactorial etiology of the microcirculation disorders, offering a new challenge in treating the patients associated with ST-segment elevation on ECG at myocardial infarction. …”
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Marchiafava–Bignami Disease Associated with Spinal Involvement by Jhon Perea, María Belén Luis, Luciana Grimanesa Lázaro, Sergio Scollo, Agustina Tamargo, José Crespo, Maira Avalle, Horacio Solarz, Nora Fernández Liguori, Ricardo Alonso

“…Marchiafava–Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology, strongly associated with alcoholism and malnutrition. …”
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A Physician’s Nightmare: Fever of Unknown Origin by Sana Din, Farrukh Anwer, Mirza Beg

“…It has been linked to various etiologies, which makes it difficult to diagnose. We present the case of 18-month-old female with recurrent fever, splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and constipation. …”
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Suspected Brugada Phenocopy Secondary to Coronary Slow Flow by Alicia Shim, Rajeev Seecheran, Valmiki Seecheran, Sangeeta Persad, Shiva Sreenivasan, Ronald Henry, Naveen Anand Seecheran

“…The Brugada electrocardiographic pattern may manifest separately from the syndrome—this clinical scenario has been described as Brugada phenocopy (BrP). Many etiologies of BrP have been reported, but it has not yet been reported as a result of coronary slow flow (CSF) phenomenon. …”
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in A Patient with Turner Syndrome by Piotr Milkiewicz, Jenny Heathcote

“…Chronic cholestasis of unknown etiology is a common clinical feature in patients with Turner syndrome who reach the fourth and fifth decades of life. …”
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A Case Report of Steroid-Resistant Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia Managed with Intravenous Immunoglobulins by Christian Akem Dimala, Urvi Patel, Benjamin Lloyd, Anthony Donato, William B. Kimmel, Robert Hallowell, Caitlyn Moss

“…Following no improvement with antibiotics and negative complementary investigations for infectious, malignant, and autoimmune etiologies, COP was confirmed on lung biopsy. Due to continued clinical deterioration despite high-dose steroids and new severe steroid-induced hallucinations, the patient was placed on intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and mycophenolate mofetil and made a satisfactory recovery. …”
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Eosinophilic Perimyositis In a Young Male: A Case Report and Review of Literature by Bimal Patel

“…However, most cases have no known etiological factor and are considered as idiopathic. …”
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A brief review on microphthalmia and anophthalmia by Jayasri Periyandavan, Mary Stephen

“…These conditions pose significant challenges to affected individuals, impacting both visual function and cosmetic appearance. The etiology of anophthalmia/microphthalmia is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. …”
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Antiviral therapy and regression of liver fibrosis at chronic hepatitis B by D. T. Abdurakhmanov

“…Now various strategies of influence on fibrosis are discussed, including elimination of etiological factor, suppression of inflammation and specific antifibrotic therapy.Conclusion. …”
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Excision of an Anovestibular Fistula with a Normal Anus Using a Biopsy Punch by Murat Sanal

“…Fistulas can occur as a result of a congenital malformation, but most often have an acquired etiology. Here, we report AVF with a normal anus in a newborn. …”
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Melanonychia by Julie Jefferson, Phoebe Rich

“…However, melanonychia most often occurs as a result of benign etiologies such as nail matrix melanocytic activation, nail matrix melanocytic hyperplasia, and nail invasion by melanin-producing pathogens. …”
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Atrial Fibrillation Caused by Intractable Hiccups: A Unique Cause and Cure by Joshua H. Arnold, Neil Brandon

“…The patient has remained in NSR and free of hiccups. The potential etiologies for hiccups are numerous and varied, and the management of persistent hiccups can be difficult. …”
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Immunosuppression and the Immune Response to Transplantation by David Ludwin, Dianne Arlen, J David Russell

“…CONCLUSIONS: Advances in our knowledge about the nature and regulation of the immune response has enhanced our understanding of the etiology of transplant rejection. Host factors and immunosuppressive therapy may both be important in modulating the immune response after transplantation. …”
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Ethiologic diagnosis of dementia syndrome. by Erélido Hernández Valero, María Octavina Rodríguez Roque

“…That is why the existence of a practical guide for its etiological diagnosis is of supreme necessity. This study engulfs diverse criteria to reach the diagnosis of dementia syndrome, as well as the diseases that may cause it, foretell it or accelerate it. …”
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Shared Medical and Environmental Risk Factors in Dry Eye Syndrome, Sjogren’s Syndrome, and B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case-Control Study by Hadas Ben-Eli, Doron J. Aframian, Eldad Ben-Chetrit, Dror Mevorach, Geffen Kleinstern, Ora Paltiel, Abraham Solomon

“…Shared risk factors for all three conditions indicate possible mutual etiological pathways.…”
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