A Congenital Anterior Urethrocutaneous Fistula in a Boy Whose Mother Was Exposed to Ionizing Radiations: Case Report and Literature Review by C. Spinelli, V. Pucci, C. Menchini, I. Buti, L. Fregoli, R. Spisni, A. Mogorovich

“…We report a review of the literature about etiology and surgical strategy including the role of ionizing radiations. …”
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Severe Hyperbilirubinemia: A Rare Complication of Lyme Disease by Maarij Baig, Lin Zheng, Alka Farmer

“…Here we report a case of severe hyperbilirubinemia as the presenting symptom of Lyme disease. Other plausible etiologies have been ruled out after extensive workups, including liver biopsy. …”
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Bilateral Killian-Jamieson Diverticula: A Case Report and Literature Review by René D Boisvert, Drew CG Bethune, David Acton, Denis R Klassen

“…A literature review and discussion of the etiology, clinical presentation and radiographic findings of Killian-Jamieson diverticulum follow, as do recommendations for clinical management.…”
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Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia following Multicentric Castleman Disease by Feng Li, Xiaomei Zhang, Yanting Guo, Yuandong Zhu, Yicun Wu, Yun Ling

“…Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a rare nonmalignant lymphoproliferative disorder presenting systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, fatigue, anemia, effusions, and multifocal lymphadenopathy. The etiology of MCD has not been clarified to date. The coexistence of MCD with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has been rarely reported. …”
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Different types of control over epidemic processes of pasteurellosis and haemorrhagic septicemia by S. I. Dzhupina

“…It was shown that different serological variants of Pasteurella multocida bacteria accomplish a function of an etiological factor of pasteurellosis and haemorrhagic septicemia. …”
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A Fatal Case of Nafcillin-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Case Report and the Literature Review by Mian Bilal Alam, Amin Kadoura, Magesh Sathaiah

“…Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is quite common, and there are several recommendations for its treatment based upon its etiology. DIH may range from mild and subclinical to fulminant liver failure and death. …”
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Idiopathic Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis: Unusual Presentation and Difficult Management by Ouidad Louachama, Noureddine Rada, Ghizlane Draiss, Mohamed Bouskraoui

“…The management was mainly symptomatic, based on motor physiotherapy with additional management in neurosurgery. Various etiologies can cause this disease, remain rare in pediatrics, and the idiopathic form is predominant in children.…”
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The Fetal Origins of the Metabolic Syndrome: Can We Intervene? by Noelle Ma, Daniel B. Hardy

“…Epidemiological studies have suggested that metabolic programming begins during fetal life and adverse events in utero are a critical factor in the etiology of chronic diseases and overall health. While the underlying molecular mechanisms linking impaired fetal development to these adult diseases are being elucidated, little is known about how we can intervene early in life to diminish the incidence and severity of these long-term diseases. …”
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Pyoderma gangrenosum. A case report by Elizabet Fernández López, Adialys Acosta Rodríguez, Daymí Martínez Rodríguez, Yanet Fragoso Cordero

“…<p>Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by sterile neutrophilic infiltration of the dermis, which may or may not be associated with systemic disease. …”
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Association of Immune Thrombocytopenia and T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in a Pediatric Patient by Ryan A. Denu, Daniel R. Matson, Matthew J. Davis, Natalie J. Tedford, Christine E. Brichta, Carol A. Diamond, Margo L. Hoover-Regan

“…Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia of unclear etiology. We present a unique case of an 8-year-old girl with chronic ITP who was subsequently diagnosed with T-lymphoblastic lymphoma at age 11. …”
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Interferon Induced Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis by Yusuf Kayar, Nuket Bayram Kayar, Nadir Alpay, Jamshid Hamdard, Iskender Ekinci, Sebnem Emegil, Rabia Bag Soydas, Birol Baysal

“…Behçet’s disease is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology which involves recurring oral and genital aphthous ulcers and ocular lesions as well as articular, vascular, and nervous system involvement. …”
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Purple Urine Bag Syndrome: An Alarming Hue? A Brief Review of the Literature by Fahad Khan, Muhammad A. Chaudhry, Noorulain Qureshi, Benjamin Cowley

“…We hereby present a concise review of this rare phenomenon with historic perspectives, epidemiology, emphasizing on current concepts of etiology, pathogenesis, relevant clinical associations, treatment modalities, prognosis, and future directions in PUBS. …”
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Traumatic Lung Herniation following Skateboard Fall by Dafney L. Davare, Chauniqua Kiffin, Rafael Sanchez, Seong K. Lee, Eddy H. Carrillo, Andrew A. Rosenthal

“…It has a variety of etiologies and clinical presentations, making diagnosis difficult. …”
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A successful case of vascular hitch procedure in adulthood: A simpler alternative for the vascular obstruction of the pyelo-ureteral junction by El Abidi Hamza, Ibrahimi Ahmed, Lakssir Jihad, Tariqi Reda, Mikou Mohamed Ali, Boualaoui Imad, El Sayegh Hashem, Nouini Yassine

“…Congenital obstruction of the upper urinary tract is often caused by the pyeloureteral junction syndrome, the lower polar vessel being the most common extrinsic etiology.We report on a case that was successfully treated using the Vascular HITCH, an alternative method with lower morbidity than Anderson and Hynes pyeloplasty considered the gold standard procedure.Our objective is to outline the aforementioned method and illustrate its ease of use and possible efficacy in carefully chosen adult patients.A very specific set of patients who meet pre- and post-operative criteria are required for vascular HITCH. …”
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Complete Bilateral Gemination of Maxillary Incisors with Separate Root Canals by Lodd Mahendra, Sujatha Govindarajan, Muruganandhan Jayanandan, Shaik Mohammed Shamsudeen, Nalin Kumar, Ramasamy Madasamy

“…It is considered multifactorial in etiology, with genetic and environmental causes. This paper discusses a rare example of bilateral gemination (prevalence 0.04%) of maxillary central incisors with completely separated roots. …”
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Exsanguinated to death by a perforated duodenal ulcer: Masquerader apprehended on autopsy by Priyanka Mishra, Nidhin Rehman, Suvradeep Mitra, Manoj G. Madakshira

“…On laparotomy, approximately 60%–70% perforations are duodenal and 15%–20% gastric. The most prevalent etiology are Helicobacter pylori infection in 65%–70% and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) abuse in 30%–50% cases depending on the prevalence of H. pylori infection. …”
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Successful Treatment of Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Oral Vancomycin by Yinka K. Davies, Cynthia J. Tsay, Dario V. Caccamo, Kathleen M. Cox, Ricardo O. Castillo, Kenneth L. Cox

“…Due to limited understanding of the etiology and mechanism of PSC, the only existing treatment option is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT); however, recurrence of PSC, after OLT is estimated to be between 5% and 35%. …”
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Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion: A Rare Complication of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy by Maral Mokhtari, Perikala Vijayananda Kumar, Mohammad-Ali Ghayumi

“…Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy should be regarded as an etiology of unexplained eosinophilic pleural effusion after this procedure.…”
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Nanoparticle-Based Therapies for Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurotrauma, and Stroke by Grace Hey, Ilyas Mehkri, Yusuf Mehkri, Hasan Maqbool, Mubariz Tahirkheli, Samuel Woodford, Brandon Lucke-Wold

“…Neurotrauma, stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are symptomatically diverse and etiologically complex central nervous system pathologies. …”
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The Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis by Sam Ratnam

“…In North America, many unsuspected cases are discovered by laboratory testing. The etiological agent, Treponema pallidum, cannot be cultured, and there is no single optimal alternative test. …”
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