Altered Hemodynamics Associated with Pathogenesis of the Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysms by Akira Kurata, Sachio Suzuki, Kazuhisa Iwamoto, Kuniaki Nakahara, Katsutoshi Abe, Madoka Inukai, June Niki, Makoto Sasaki, Kiyotaka Fujii, Shingo Konno, Shinichi Kan, Kazuaki Fukasaku

“…The etiology of the vertebral dissecting aneurysms is largely unknown, and they frequently occurs in relatively healthy young men. …”
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Granulomatous Hepatitis in Association with Fever and a Palmar Rash by Desmond J Leddin, James A Barrowman

“…Secondary syphilis may present in association with granulomatous hepatitis and serological testing should be performed if the etiology of the hepatic granulomas is unclear. While the finding of a disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase relative to serum bilirubin may be a useful pointer towards the diagnosis this pattern is not specific and not consistently observed. …”
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Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Interdisciplinary Management of a Rare Disease by Sven Schneider, Dietmar Thurnher, Boban M. Erovic

“…Management of this rare but highly aggressive skin cancer is a complex undertaking that necessitates an understanding of its etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and the coordinated work of several clinical specializations. …”
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Uterine Tumor Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors Type II with Vaginal Vault Recurrence by Oriana Marrucci, Paola Nicoletti, Alessandro Mauriello, Simone Facchetti, Lodovico Patrizi, Carlo Ticconi, Francesco Sesti, Emilio Piccione

“…UTROSCTs (Uterine Tumors Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors) are rare neoplasms of unknown etiology usually occurring in middle-aged women. Less than 100 cases of UTROSCT have been reported so far. …”
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Evidence of Acute Mycoplasma Infection in a Patient with Incomplete and Atypical Kawasaki Disease: A Case Report by M. Ebrahim, M. Gabay, R. F. Rivas-Chacon

“…The etiology of Kawasaki disease remains unknown despite extensive studies. …”
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Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Overview by Jessica MacKenzie-Feder, Sandra Sirrs, Donald Anderson, Jibran Sharif, Aneal Khan

“…In this paper we will review the basic physiology of calcium homeostasis and then consider genetic associations as well as common etiologies and presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism. …”
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Nonsyndromic Bilateral Posterior Maxillary Supernumerary Teeth: A Report of Two Cases and Review by Ravi Kumar Mahto, Shantanu Dixit, Dashrath Kafle, Aradhana Agarwal, Michael Bornstein, Sanad Dulal

“…Hence, we are reporting these two cases with a brief review of literature to put emphasis on incidence, prevalence, proposed hypothesis for etiology, and management of supernumerary teeth.…”
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Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus Complicating Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis in a Child by Filippo Greco, Maria Donatella Cocuzza, Pierluigi Smilari, Giovanni Sorge, Lorenzo Pavone

“…Pediatric NCSE is a heterogeneous clinical entity with poor outcome and different etiologies, including central nervous system infection, stroke, toxic-metabolic syndrome, and epileptic syndrome. …”
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Pleural Empyema due to Group D Salmonella by Jennifer C. Kam, Sami Abdul-Jawad, Chintan Modi, Yazan Abdeen, Fady Asslo, Vikram Doraiswamy, Joseph R. DePasquale, Robert S. Spira, Walid Baddoura, Richard A. Miller

“…This case helps to support the inclusion of Salmonella group D as a possible etiological agent of infection in the differential causes of exudative pleural effusions.…”
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Idiopathic, Serial Coronary Vessels Dissection in a Young Woman with Psychological Stress: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Alessio Arrivi, Caterina Milici, Carlo Bock, Attilio Placanica, Enrico Boschetti, Marcello Dominici

“…Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a very rare disease, associated with high mortality rate, whose etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Its sporadic nature and the varied angiographic extent make firm recommendations regarding revascularization impossible. …”
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A Case of Acquired Hemophilia A in a Patient with Exposure to COVID-19 by Jorge D. Guerra, Jasmine Gowarty, Jordan Buess, James Mason, Kathleen Halka

“…Failure to recognize AHA as a possible etiology of hemorrhage can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment. …”
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Pancreatopleural fistula: A rare cause of recurrent pleural effusion by Zehra Dhanani, Stephen Dachert

“…This case underscores the importance of considering uncommon etiologies in pleural effusions and highlights the significance of high pleural fluid amylase levels in diagnosing pancreatopleural fistulas.…”
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A Tic-ing Time Bomb: Case Report of a Unique Presentation of Sudden-onset Tics by Arino Neto, Vanessa Perez, Kim Manwaring, Lauren Averill, Victoria Wurster Ovalle

“…Conclusion: When evaluating a patient with tics, an atypical history or abnormal physical exam findings should raise suspicion for possible secondary etiologies, including arteriovenous malformation and stroke.…”
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From Rarity to Recognition: Infantile Botulism and the Broad Spectrum of Differential Diagnoses by Matthew C. Authement, Brandon M. Jones, Robert J. Kahoud, Elizabeth H. Ristagno

“…The differential for an ill-appearing infant should always include infectious etiologies and may include metabolic disorders, congenital anomalies, nonaccidental trauma, neurologic disorders, and endocrine disorders. …”
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Adult-onset Still's disease: A great masquerader triggered by hepatitis A infection by Jhasaketan Meher, Keshao B Nagpure, Md Sabah Siddiqui, A M Vishnu Dev

“…Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. The varied clinical presentation of the disease mimicking many other diseases makes it difficult to diagnose. …”
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An Unusual Case of Cheiralgia Paresthetica Caused by Lipoma by Tomas Mačiulaitis, Aira Jucaityte, Mindaugas Minderis

“…Existing literature highlight various etiological factors contributing to this condition, including constriction of the wrist, as with tight wristwatches or handcuffs. …”
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Syntomatic Tarlov Cyst. Case presentation by Jorge Luis Castillo López, María E. Jerves Crespo, Victoria E. Solís Espín, Juan C. Vargas Parra

“…It is an infrequent disease. Although its etiology is uncertain different theories have been postulated since its discovery. …”
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Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita: Multiple Congenital Joint Contractures by Hamza Sucuoglu, Nurettin Irem Ornek, Cagkan Caglar

“…Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a syndrome characterized by nonprogressive multiple congenital joint contractures. The etiology of disease is multifactorial; it is most commonly suspected from absent fetal movements and genetic defects. …”
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Transmigration of Mandibular Canine: Report of Four Cases and Review of Literature by Gaurav Sharma, Archna Nagpal

“…We report 4 cases of transmigration of mandibular canine and review the literature regarding the etiology and treatment. Panoramic radiograph should be taken during the mixed dentition period if the mandibular canine has not erupted from more than one year from its normal chronological age of eruption as intraoral periapical radiograph examination will not always detect an impacted or transmigrated canine.…”
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A Rare Association: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia with Liver Cirrhosis Causing Portal Hypertension by Denisse Morales-Tovar, Froylan D. Martínez-Sánchez, Alejandro Gabutti-Thomas, Rodolfo Rivera-Martínez, Jacqueline Córdova-Gallardo

“…Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome, is a vascular disorder of autosomal dominant etiology. The hallmark clinical feature is the presence of recurrent episodes of epistaxis in patients with vascular malformations and a tendency to bleed. …”
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