Characterization of Autoantibodies against the E1𝜶 Subunit of Branched-Chain 2-Oxoacid Dehydrogenase in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis by Tsutomu Mori, Hiromasa Ohira, Masahito Kuroda, Masaki Kato, Yoshiki Yamaguchi, Hideo Kochi

“…The lipoyl domains of E2 contain the major epitopes essential for immunopathology. However, the non-lipoyl-containing E1 subunits are also frequently targeted. …”
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FluKB: A Knowledge-Based System for Influenza Vaccine Target Discovery and Analysis of the Immunological Properties of Influenza Viruses by Christian Simon, Ulrich J. Kudahl, Jing Sun, Lars Rønn Olsen, Guang Lan Zhang, Ellis L. Reinherz, Vladimir Brusic

“…FluKB consists of more than 400,000 influenza protein sequences, known epitope data (357 verified T-cell epitopes, 685 HLA binders, and 16 naturally processed MHC ligands), and a collection of 28 influenza antibodies and their structurally defined B-cell epitopes. …”
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NERVE 2.0: boosting the new enhanced reverse vaccinology environment via artificial intelligence and a user-friendly web interface by Andrea Conte, Nicola Gulmini, Francesco Costa, Matteo Cartura, Felix Bröhl, Francesco Patanè, Francesco Filippini

“…We renewed some of its modules and added innovative ones, such as Loop-Razor, to recover fragments of promising vaccine candidates or Epitope Prediction for the epitope prediction binding affinities and population coverage. …”
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Impact of antibody architecture and paratope valency on effector functions of bispecific NKp30 x EGFR natural killer cell engagers by Ammelie Svea Boje, Lukas Pekar, Katharina Koep, Britta Lipinski, Brian Rabinovich, Andreas Evers, Carina Lynn Gehlert, Steffen Krohn, Yanping Xiao, Simon Krah, Rinat Zaynagetdinov, Lars Toleikis, Sven Poetzsch, Matthias Peipp, Stefan Zielonka, Katja Klausz

“…Our study exploited two NKp30-specific sdAbs, one of which binds a similar epitope on NKp30 as its natural ligand B7-H6, while the other sdAb addresses a non-competing epitope. …”
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Engineered ipilimumab variants that bind human and mouse CTLA-4 by Brett Robison, SJ Diong, Anusha Kumar, Thomas M. Moon, Olin Chang, Bryant Chau, Christine Bee, Ishita Barman, Arvind Rajpal, Alan J. Korman, Sean West, Pavel Strop, Peter S. Lee

“…The 9D9-mCTLA4 complex crystal structure was determined and shows that the surrogate antibody binds an epitope distinct from ipilimumab and tremelimumab. …”
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Identification of novel anti-CD16a antibody clones for the development of effective natural killer cell engagers by Bill Liao, Christine Tumanut, Lin Li, Adam Corper, Dilip Challa, Alex Chang, Hydari Begum, Elinaz Farokhi, Catherine Woods, Xiaomin Fan

“…Screening AvantGen’s yeast displayed human antibody libraries led to the isolation of 2 antibody clones, #1A2 and #2-2A2, that selectively recognize both isoforms (F and V) of CD16a on primary NK cells with high affinity, yet minimally (#1A2) or do not (#2-2A2) cross-react with both allelotypes of CD16b (NA1 and NA2) expressed by neutrophils. Epitope mapping studies revealed that they bind to an epitope dependent on residue Y158 of CD16a, since mutation of Y158 to the corresponding CD16b residue H158 completely abolishes binding to CD16a. …”
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Bullous pemphigoid after Split Skin grafting in vitiligo patient by Siddharth Bhatt, Anand Mannu, Gourang Paliwal, Biju Vasudevan

“…This case highlights that surgical intervention without ascertaining the stability of the disease activity may not only preclude the patient to the development of the primary disease but also lead to development of other autoimmune illnesses at the surgical site due to unmasking of the epitope to already circulating antibodies.…”
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Role of Fcγ receptors in HER2-targeted breast cancer therapy by Hope S Rugo, Antonino Musolino, William J Gradishar, Jeffrey L Nordstrom, Edwin P Rock, Fernanda Arnaldez, Mark D Pegram

“…An example of an approved anti-HER2 Fc-engineered chimeric mAb is margetuximab, which targets the same epitope as trastuzumab, but features five amino acid substitutions in the IgG 1 Fc domain that were deliberately introduced to increase binding to activating FcγRIIIa and decrease binding to inhibitory FcγRIIb (CD32B). …”
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Comparative Analysis of Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugations: Carbodiimide Versus Click Chemistry by Daniel L.J. Thorek, ew R. Elias, Andrew Tsourkas

“…Antibodies remain an attractive choice as targeting agents because of their large epitope space and high affinity; however, implementation of antibody-nanoparticle conjugates is plagued by low coupling efficiencies and the high cost of reagents. …”
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Single-chain variable fragment affinity tuning can optimize anti-AML CAR-NK cell functionality by Marianna Zahurak, Ravi Varadhan, Ilias Christodoulou, Ruyan Rahnama, Jun Choe, Huilin Yang, Monika Kizerwetter, Christian Guaraca, Natalie Jordan Holl, Stamatia C Vorri, Megan Zinsky, Danielle G Jones, Nikol Garcia Espinoza, Yun-Huai Kuo, Jamie B. Spangler, Challice L. Bonifant

“…Affinity-based differences in functional activation and antitumor activity are dependent on time course and are scFv/epitope specific.…”
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Anti-Ebola virus mAb 3A6 protects highly viremic animals from fatal outcome via binding GP(1,2) in a position elevated from the virion membrane by Kathryn M. Hastie, Zhe Li Salie, Zunlong Ke, Peter J. Halfmann, Lisa Evans DeWald, Sara McArdle, Ariadna Grinyó, Edgar Davidson, Sharon L. Schendel, Chitra Hariharan, Michael J. Norris, Xiaoying Yu, Chakravarthy Chennareddy, Xiaoli Xiong, Megan Heinrich, Michael R. Holbrook, Benjamin Doranz, Ian Crozier, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Luis M. Branco, Jens H. Kuhn, John A. G. Briggs, Gabriella Worwa, Carl W. Davis, Rafi Ahmed, Erica Ollmann Saphire

“…However, their neutralization mechanism is poorly understood because they target a GP1,2 epitope that has evaded structural characterization. …”
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Immune response in virus model structured by cell infection-age by Cameron Browne

“…The kinetics of epitope presentation and immune recognition can impact the efficacy of the immune response. …”
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Structural insights into antibody-based immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma by Masaud Shah, Muhammad Hussain, Hyun Goo Woo

“…This review delves into the epitope-paratope interactions of structurally unresolved mAbs and bsAbs, and discusses the potential for combination therapies based on their non-overlapping epitopes. …”
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Nanobody engineering: computational modelling and design for biomedical and therapeutic applications by Nehad S. El Salamouni, Jordan H. Cater, Lisanne M. Spenkelink, Haibo Yu

“…We discuss the recent advancements in computational methods for nanobody modelling, epitope prediction, and affinity maturation, shedding light on their intricate antigen‐binding mechanisms and conformational dynamics. …”
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Macroprolactinemia: Diagnostic, Clinical, and Pathogenic Significance by Akira Shimatsu, Naoki Hattori

“…The cross-reactivity of macroprolactin varies widely according to the immunoassay systems. The epitope on PRL molecule recognized by the autoantibodies is located close to the binding site for PRL receptors, which may explain that macroprolactin has a lower biological activity. …”
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Genetic Vectors as a Tool in Association Studies: Definitions and Application for Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Igor Sandalov, Leonid Padyukov

“…We analyzed two independent cohorts, with 2633 rheumatoid arthritis cases and 2108 healthy controls, and data for 6 SNPs from the HTR2A locus plus shared epitope allele. We found that GVs based on selected markers are highly informative and overlap for 98.3% of the healthy population between two cohorts. …”
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Stage-specific expression and divergent functions of two insulinase-like proteases associated with host infectivity in Cryptosporidium. by Yue Huang, Shifeng Pei, Xin Lv, Fuxian Yang, Xiaoqing Gong, Na Li, Yaqiong Guo, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao

“…CRISPR/Cas9 was used to endogenously tag both genes with the hemagglutinin epitope. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that INS-19 and INS-20 are expressed at different developmental stages of the pathogen. …”
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HLA-A02 restricted T-cell cross-reactivity to a microbial antigen by Alar Aints, Marina Šunina, Raivo Uibo

“…One of the primary MHC-I epitopes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D has been identified as a peptide from the islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) protein. …”
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Selection and characterization of specific nanobody against bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 protein. by Tiansen Li, Meiling Huang, Hongran Xiao, Guoqi Zhang, Jinhua Ding, Peng Wu, Hui Zhang, Jinliang Sheng, Chuangfu Chen

“…We obtained a BVDV-E2 antigen epitope bait protein by prokaryotic expression using the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene of the BVDV-NADL strain published in GenBank. …”
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Assessing nanobody interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Nsp9. by Gennaro Esposito, Yamanappa Hunashal, Mathias Percipalle, Federico Fogolari, Tomas Venit, Ainars Leonchiks, Kristin C Gunsalus, Fabio Piano, Piergiorgio Percipalle

“…The NMR results were consistent with a previous characterization suggesting a 4:4 Nsp9-to-nanobody stoichiometry with the occurrence of two epitope pairs on each of the Nsp9 units that establish the inter-dimer contacts of Nsp9 tetramer. …”
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