Impact of radiofrequency sputtering power on the stoichiometry of a Cu2ZnSnS4 layer film prepared from a single quaternary target by Saleh N. Alamri

“…The impact of the radiofrequency (RF) power on the stoichiometry, structure and optical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 layers, which were fabricated by the magnetron RF sputtering of a single quaternary target, are examined using different techniques, such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. …”
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Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stress in the Diffusion Zone of Mg/Al Alloys by Yunlong Ding, Dongying Ju

“…Moreover, experiments such as diffusion bonding and annealing, analysis of residual stress by X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis using an electron probe microanalyzer, and microstructure investigation via scanning electron microscopy were performed for further investigation of the diffusion layers. …”
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Comprehension of paraquat adsorption on faujasite zeolite X and Y in sodium form by Wina Rongchapo, Chalermpan Keawkumay, Nattawut Osakoo, Krittanun Deekamwong, Narong Chanlek, Sanchai Prayoonpokarach, Jatuporn Wittayakun

“…The bare and paraquat-containing zeolites (PQX and PQY) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N 2 adsorption–desorption analysis, magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS) NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. …”
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Effect of Free Formaldehyde on Chemical Structure and Thermal Properties of Nano-Titanium Dioxide Resin by Li Lv, Airong Wang, Yingying Zhong

“…In this research, nano-titanium dioxide was prepared by the low temperature hydrolysis method and characterized by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The degradation behavior of formaldehyde was studied by using the degradation rate of formaldehyde in the container as the evaluation index. …”
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Vibrational Spectroscopy of Binary Titanium Borides: First-Principles and Experimental Studies by Urszula D. Wdowik, Agnieszka Twardowska, Bogusław Rajchel

“….% of impurity phases. The X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, applied for phase composition examination of both bulk and powder materials, identifies only the TiB2 phase. …”
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Fabrication of Large-Grain Thick Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Films via Aluminum-Induced Crystallization for Application in Solar Cells by Hsiao-Yeh Chu, Min-Hang Weng, Chen Lin

“…The effect of annealing time (15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes) in the second stage on the crystallization of a-Si film is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. …”
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Characterization of Blue Tourmaline from Madagascar for Exploring Its Color Origin by Ming Li

“…In the research, spectroscopic studies of tourmaline for color origin were performed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. …”
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A White-Light-Emitting Small Molecule: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Properties by Sin-Kai Fang, Hsing-Yang Tsai, Jiun-Wei Hu, Kew-Yu Chen

“…A white-light-emitting small molecule (1) was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 undergoes an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction, resulting in a tautomer that is in equilibrium with the normal species and exhibiting a dual emission that covers almost all of the visible spectrum, and consequently generates white light. …”
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Green synthesis of titanium dioxide photocatalyst using Lactobacillus bulgaricus for processing palm oil mill effluent by L. Agustina, M. Romli, P. Suryadarma, S. Suprihatin

“…The produced photocatalyst with a nanoparticle size range of 1-100 nanometer was further characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction. The photocatalyst was tested for advanced treatment of palm oil mill secondary effluent. …”
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Hydrogel loaded with cerium-manganese nanoparticles and nerve growth factor enhances spinal cord injury repair by modulating immune microenvironment and promoting neuronal regenera... by Zhaoyang Gong, Zhenhao Chen, Dachuan Li, Xiao Lu, Jianwei Wu, Hanqiu Sun, Ximeng Wang, Siyang Liu, Xinlei Xia, Feizhou Lu, Jianyuan Jiang, Chi Sun, Hongli Wang, Feng Zeng, Xiaosheng Ma

“…Transmission Electron Microscopy, Selected-Area Electron Diffraction, X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy confirmed their crystalline structure, mixed-valence states, and redox properties. …”
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Synchrotron-Radiation X-Ray Investigation of Li+/Na+ Intercalation into Prussian Blue Analogues by Yutaka Moritomo, Masamitsu Takachi, Yutaro Kurihara, Tomoyuki Matsuda

“…With use of synchrotron-radiation (SR) X-ray source, we investigated the structural and electronic responses of the host framework of PBAs against Li+ and Na+ intercalation by means of the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). …”
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Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide for high efficient adsorption of methylene blue by Maoping Kang, Yongli Pei, Ying Zhang, Lihong Su, Yuxiang Li, Hongyu Wang

“…Meanwhile, some characterizations including Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Disperse X-ray Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, etc. were used to explore potential adsorption mechanism, which indicated the physisorption caused by π-π bonds was the main adsorption mechanism. …”
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Numerical analysis and verification of residual stress in T joint of S355 steel by Wang Xiangming, Guo Erfu

“…The residual welding stress of multi-layer welding T joint with tangent tube and sheet was measured using X-ray diffraction method. The results showed that the numerical simulation was in good agreement with the experimental findings. …”
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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Pt-, Fe-, and Zn-doped SnO2 Nanospheres and Carbon Monoxide Sensing Properties by Weigen Chen, Qu Zhou, Shudi Peng

“…Pure and M-doped (M = Pt, Fe, and Zn) SnO2 nanospheres were successfully synthesized via a simple and facile hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. …”
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Effect of CaO on the Autogenous Shrinkage of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar by Dengdeng Zheng, Tao Ji, Guojie Wang

“…The hydration products of the pastes were determined by Fourier transform-infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and 29Si solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. …”
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Bacterial Performance in Crack Healing and its Role in Creating Sustainable Construction by Digafe Alemu, Wubetie Demiss, Gamachis Korsa

“…Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) are the most characterization methods used to observe and ensure the production of calcite precipitate as bacterial concrete. …”
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Studies on the Optical Properties and Surface Morphology of Cobalt Phthalocyanine Thin Films by Benny Joseph, C. S. Menon

“…Full width at half maximum (FWHM) intensity of the diffraction peaks is also found reduced with increasing substrate temperatures. …”
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Acidic Character and Catalytic Activity of Sulpho-Functionalized Porous Silica with an Ordered Structure by Akihiko Matsumoto, Fei-Yee Yeoh, Shunsuke Fujihara, Kazuo Tsutsumi, Toshihide Baba

“…The resulting microporous silica had a regular porous structure similar to that of the mesoporous silica MCM-41, as shown by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption measurements. Ammonia adsorption microcalorimetry indicated that a large number of sulpho groups were successfully incorporated into the microporous silica framework. …”
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The Study on Mechanical and Electrical Properties of AA6061/Snail Shell Composites by N.E. Udoye, G.E. Ezike, O.S.I. Fayomi, J.O. Dirisu

“…The micrographs of the developed composite were obtained using XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis), which indicated the presence of calcium and hydroxyapatite from the snail shell on the aluminium composite. …”
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Prism-Based Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer with a Fixed Fringe Localization Plane by Zihao Liu, Da Zhang, Huanyu Yang, Chunling Huo

“…Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (SHS) based on prism dispersion is a novel technique designed to overcome the limitations of traditional grating-based SHS, which is affected by grating diffraction. However, there are still some challenges with this technique, one of which is that the fringe localization plane (FLP) moves with changes in wavelength. …”
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