The Era of Kilometer-Scale Neutrino Detectors by Francis Halzen, Uli Katz

“…The scientific missions of these instruments include searching for sources of cosmic rays and for dark matter, observing Galactic supernova explosions, and studying the neutrinos themselves. …”
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Gamma-Ray Bursts as Multienergy Neutrino Sources by Katsuaki Asano, Kohta Murase

“…We review theoretical models for nonelectromagnetic emission, mainly neutrinos and cosmic rays, from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In various stages of the relativistic jet propagation, cosmic-ray ion acceleration and subsequent neutrino emission are expected. …”
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Atmospheric Neutrinos by Takaaki Kajita

“…Atmospheric neutrinos are produced as decay products in hadronic showers resulting from collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei in the atmosphere. Electron-neutrinos and muon-neutrinos are produced mainly by the decay chain of charged pions to muons to electrons. …”
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Strangeness production in fixed-target collisions at LHCb by Lucarelli Chiara

“…Studies of strangeness production in high-energy fixed-target collisions provide information on hadronization and serve as important inputs to models of particle production in cosmic rays. Thanks to its forward geometry and the possibility to inject gas into the beam pipe, the LHCb detector with the SMOG system is ideally suited to study strangeness production in fixed-target collisions at the LHC. …”
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Neutrinos, Positrons, and Missed Encounters: The Scientific Interrelations of Majorana, Occhialini, and Schenberg by Thiago Cardoso de Souza

“…By analyzing historical records, personal accounts, and scientific collaborations, the study highlights the roles these figures played in the discovery of the positron, the theoretical development of neutrinos, and the study of cosmic rays. Particular attention is given to the missed encounter between Schenberg and Majorana during Occhialini and Schenberg’s 1938 journey to Italy. …”
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Contribution of Unresolved Sources to Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission from the Galactic Plane by Jiayin He, Houdun Zeng, Yi Zhang, Qiang Yuan, Rui Zhang, Jun Li

“…The flux is higher than predicted for cosmic rays interacting with the interstellar medium. …”
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Characterization of Radiation Exposure at Aviation Flight Altitudes Using the Nowcast of Aerospace Ionizing Radiation System (NAIRAS) by Daniel B. Phoenix, Chris J. Mertens, Guillaume P. Gronoff, Kent Tobiska

“…Abstract Exposure to ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEP) at aircraft flight altitudes can have an adverse effect on human health. …”
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Revealing an unexpectedly low electron injection threshold via reinforced shock acceleration by Savvas Raptis, Ahmad Lalti, Martin Lindberg, Drew L. Turner, Damiano Caprioli, James L. Burch

“…Our analysis demonstrates that a typical shock can consistently accelerate electrons into very high (relativistic) energy ranges, refining our comprehension of shock acceleration while providing insight on the origin of electron cosmic rays.…”
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Machine learning models for water safety enhancement by Fatemeh Ranjbar, Hossein Sadeghi, Reza Pourimani, Soraya Khanmohammadi

“…Abstract Humans encounter both natural and artificial radiation sources, including cosmic rays, primordial radionuclides, and radiation generated by human activities. …”
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Stratospheric X‐Rays Detected at Midlatitudes With a Miniaturized Balloon‐Borne Microscintillator‐PiN Diode System by K. L. Aplin, G. J. Marlton, V. Race

“…Low‐energy (50–150 keV) particles in the stratosphere were detected in addition to the usual signal from higher‐energy cosmic rays. Unusually for these miniaturized radiosonde systems, which are designed to be disposable, the payload was retrieved. …”
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Beating 1 Sievert: Optimal Radiation Shielding of Astronauts on a Mission to Mars by M. I. Dobynde, Y. Y. Shprits, A. Y. Drozdov, J. Hoffman, Ju Li

“…There are two main types of hazardous radiation: solar energetic particles (SEP) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). The intensity and evolution of both depends on solar activity. …”
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Effects of Forbush Decreases on the Global Electric Circuit by J. Tacza, G. Li, J.‐P. Raulin

“…Abstract The suppression of high‐energy cosmic rays, known as Forbush decreases (FDs), represents a promising factor in influencing the global electric circuit (GEC) system. …”
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Data-driven evaluation of background radiation safety using machine learning and statistical analysis by Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Shahid

“…The entire globe is radioactive naturally, and humans are constantly exposed to background radiation from cosmic rays and the radioactive materials in their environment. …”
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Enhanced Radiation Levels at Aviation Altitudes and Their Relationship to Plasma Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere by Homayon Aryan, Jacob Bortnik, W. Kent Tobiska, Piyush Mehta, Rashmi Siddalingappa

“…Abstract It is believed that galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles are the two major sources of ionizing radiation. …”
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A Method for Calculating Atmospheric Radiation Produced by Relativistic Electron Precipitation by Wei Xu, Robert A. Marshall, W. Kent Tobiska

“…Aviation radiation has been long known to originate primarily from the galactic and solar system: galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic protons. Recent flight measurements by the Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety experiment have uncovered another potential source for aviation radiation: Relativistic Electron Precipitation (REP) from the Van Allen radiation belts. …”
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Radiocarbon monoxide indicates increasing atmospheric oxidizing capacity by Olaf Morgenstern, Rowena Moss, Martin Manning, Guang Zeng, Hinrich Schaefer, Ilya Usoskin, Jocelyn Turnbull, Gordon Brailsford, Sylvia Nichol, Tony Bromley

“…By contrast, radiocarbon monoxide (14CO), produced naturally by cosmic rays and almost exclusively removed by OH, is a tracer with a well-understood source. …”
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Modeling the Lunar Radiation Environment: A Comparison Among FLUKA, Geant4, HETC‐HEDS, MCNP6, and PHITS by F. A. Zaman, L. W. Townsend, W. C. deWet, M. D. Looper, J. M. Brittingham, N. T. Burahmah, H. E. Spence, N. A. Schwadron, S. S. Smith

“…In this work, we use five such radiation transport codes (FLUctuating KAscade, GEometry ANd Tracking, High‐Energy Transport Code‐Human Exploration and Development in Space, Monte Carlo N‐Particle, and Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System) to study the radiation environment near the Moon, specifically the lunar “albedo” radiation, which is the radiation emitted by the lunar surface through interactions with incident galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a general characterization of the lunar albedo radiation and to find the areas where the modeled transport codes agree and disagree by using almost identical input parameters. …”
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Detectability of Self-lensing Flares of White Dwarfs with Compact Companions by Guy Nir, Joshua S. Bloom

“…We provide a quantitative analysis of the detectability of double-compact object self-lensing flares across the landscape of system parameters, and a qualitative discussion of survey and follow-up approaches to distinguish such flares from confounding events, such as stellar flares, satellite glints, and cosmic rays. We estimate 0.3, 3 and 247 double white dwarf systems could be detected by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, Zwicky Transient Facility, and LSST, respectively. …”
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The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers by Yuncong Li, Jingnan Guo, Salman Khaksarighiri, Mikhail Igorevich Dobynde, Jian Zhang, Bailiang Liu, Robert F. Wimmer‐Schweingruber

“…Recently, Brain Response Functions (BRFs) based on a realistic brain structure have been developed to model cosmic‐ray induced dose in the brain (Khaksarighiri et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.003). …”
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Detecting Ground Level Enhancements Using Soil Moisture Sensor Networks by A. D. P. Hands, F. Baird, K. A. Ryden, C. S. Dyer, F. Lei, J. G. Evans, J. R. Wallbank, M. Szczykulska, D. Rylett, R. Rosolem, S. Fowler, D. Power, E. M. Henley

“…Much smaller neutron detectors are increasingly deployed throughout the world with the purpose of using secondary neutrons from cosmic rays to monitor local soil moisture conditions (COSMOS). …”
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