Minimal operational theories: classical theories with quantum features by Davide Rolino, Marco Erba, Alessandro Tosini, Paolo Perinotti

“…We further explore distinctions between a theory and its minimal strongly causal counterpart, showing that while the minimal strongly causal version of quantum theory diverges from full quantum theory, the same does not hold for classical theory. …”
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Rediscovery of Social Reality of the City and the Village: Methodological Novations of the Study of Life Space Dynamics by C. I. Ildarhanova

“…Living space analysis is structured by differentiation of social groups based on social and cultural causality. The author brings value and cultural basis of changes in social actions of citizens of a modern village and traces the role of social and cultural environment on development of network processes in a rural territory. …”
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Association between novel anthropometric indices and overactive bladder: a population-based study by Heng Liu, Huqiang Dong, Mingchu Jin, Yu Zhou, Haidong Hao, Yutang Yuan, Hongtao Jia, Min He

“…Future studies should investigate the potential of combining multiple anthropometric indices to improve predictive accuracy and conduct prospective studies to determine causality.…”
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Metagenomics and Faecal Metabolomics Integrative Analysis towards the Impaired Glucose Regulation and Type 2 Diabetes in Uyghur-Related Omics by Rebiya Nuli, Jureti Azhati, Junxiu Cai, Aizhatiguli Kadeer, Bing Zhang, Patamu Mohemaiti

“…Matricin was positively correlated with Bacteroides and negatively correlated with Actinobacteria; protorifamycin I was negatively correlated with Actinobacteria; epothilone A was negatively correlated with Actinobacteria and positively correlated with Firmicutes; PA was positively correlated with Bacteroides and negatively correlated with Firmicutes; and cristacarpin was positively correlated with Actinobacteria; however, this correlation relationship does not imply causality. Conclusions. This study used joint metagenomics and metabolomics analyses to elucidate the relationship between gut microbiota and faecal metabolites in different glycemic groups, and the result suggested that metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis occurred in Uyghur T2DM and IGR. …”
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Genetic insight into dissecting the immunophenotypes and inflammatory profiles in the pathogenesis of Sjogren syndrome by Jingyi Xu, Shucheng Si, Yijun Han, Lin Zeng, Jinxia Zhao

“…We decide to incorporate genetic insight into investigation of the causal link between various immune cells, inflammatory factors and pathogenesis of Sjogren syndrome (SS). …”
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Shortening of the telomere length during the transition period of dairy cows in relation to biological stress by Manon Dewulf, Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini, Stijn Heirbaut, Maya Meesters, Dries S. Martens, Tim S. Nawrot, Mingqi Zhang, X. P. Jing, Leen Vandaele, Veerle Fievez, Mieke Van Eetvelde, Geert Opsomer

“…While these associations are observed, no causality can be established. Our findings suggest the need for further research to explore the effects of transition-related stress on TL dynamics.…”
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DENND5B Gene Expression as a Trigger for the Development of Diabetes Mellitus–Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from a Univariate and Multivariate Mendelian Randomization Study by Qiaoqiao Li, Fuli Cao, Xueping Gao, Yuan Xu, Bo Li, Tianyang Hu

“…Result: DENND5B, C4A, and CYP21A2 were found to have passed two-sample MR and SMR analyses, indicating their status as hub genes associated with DM-PAD through mechanisms involving not linkage but rather causality. The COLOC analysis provided strong evidence suggesting that DENND5B and the DM-PAD trait were influenced by the common causal variant rs1150948. …”
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Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and Epstein–Barr virus infection in children aged 6–19 years in the United States: from the national health and nutrition ex... by Wei Cheng, Yunfei Wang, Nan Ding, Rutao Xie

“…Future prospective and experimental studies are needed to confirm causality and clarify the exact mechanism concerning antioxidant diets with EBV infection.…”
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Environmental and economic drivers of subjective well-being: evaluating the effects of pollution, income growth, and income inequality in Pakistan by Saima Mehmood, Faiza Sajjad, Agha Amad Nabi, Ishfaq Ahmad, Imran Naseem, Khalid Zaman

“…Additionally, income inequality exerts a negative short-term influence and a positive long-term effect on subjective well-being. The Granger causality estimates confirm the bidirectional relationship between the country's income and subjective well-being. …”
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Assessment of Vaccination Impact in PPR-Control Program Implemented in Southern States of India: A System Dynamics Model Approach by Govindaraj Gurrappanaidu, Naveen Kumar Gajalavarahalli Subbanna, Francis Wanyoike, Sirak Bahta, Yeswanth Raghuram Reddy, Dwaipayan Bardhan, Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy, Kennady Vijayalakshmy, Rahman Habibur

“…The SD model relies on interdependence, interaction, information feedback, and circular causality and captures potential feedback between disease control interventions and their impact on various epidemiological and economic outcomes. …”
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Environmental, social, and governance performance: The role of Chinese employee stock ownership plans by Yasi Liu, Shaun McDowell, Chunxiao Xue, Jianing Zhang

“…The findings confirm that causality runs from ESOP to ESG rather than ESG influencing ESOP. …”
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Estimating avoidable burden of stillbirth attributable to greenness improvement in Iran by Yang Yuan, Fatemeh Mayvaneh, Yaqi Wang, Jixing Yang, Yunquan Zhang, Fang Shi

“…Evidently nonlinear relationships were identified between greenness exposure and stillbirth, exhibiting approximately an inverted L-shaped pattern with the steeper slope at high greenness levels. Assuming causality, 34–41 stillbirths per 100,000 births could be avoidable by achieving the 80th percentile of NDVI/EVI during 2013–2018, representing 4.6–5.4 % of nationwide registry-based stillbirths in Iran. …”
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Association of antihypertensive drug target genes with alzheimer’s disease: a mendelian randomization study by He Zheng, Chaolei Chen, Yingqing Feng

“…We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the potential effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on AD using summary statistics from a meta-analysis (111,326 cases and 677,663 controls) and further replicated in FinnGen cohorts (9301 cases and 367,976 controls). The reverse causality detection, assessing horizontal pleiotropy, Bayesian co-localization, phenotype scanning, and protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) analysis were implemented to consolidate the MR findings further. …”
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Insulin Resistance and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Mihaela Vladu, Diana Clenciu, Ion Cristian Efrem, Mircea-Cătalin Forțofoiu, Anca Amzolini, Simona Tudorică Micu, Maria Moţa, Maria Forțofoiu

“…This study has shown that insulin resistance is associated with an increased risk of CKD, but, due to the cross-sectional design, the causal relationship cannot be assessed. However, the existence of this causality and the treatment benefit of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes are issues for further discussion.…”
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Factors, characteristics and influences of the changes of muscle activation patterns for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a review by Shizhong Liu, Zuyu Du, Le Song, Haoyue Liu, Clarence Augustine T. H. Tee, Huanyu Liu, Yuan Liu

“…Objective This study explores the factors, characteristics, and effects of MAP changes caused by KOA, providing a neuromuscular-based causal analysis for the rehabilitation treatment of KOA. …”
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Population-Level SARS-CoV-2 RT–PCR Cycle Threshold Values and Their Relationships with COVID-19 Transmission and Outcome Metrics: A Time Series Analysis Across Pandemic Years by Judith Carolina De Arcos-Jiménez, Ernestina Quintero-Salgado, Pedro Martínez-Ayala, Gustavo Rosales-Chávez, Roberto Miguel Damian-Negrete, Oscar Francisco Fernández-Diaz, Mariana del Rocio Ruiz-Briseño, Rosendo López-Romo, Patricia Noemi Vargas-Becerra, Ruth Rodríguez-Montaño, Ana María López-Yáñez, Jaime Briseno-Ramirez

“…Cross-correlation and lagged regression analyses revealed significant lead–lag relationships, with declining Ct values consistently preceding surges in positivity rates and hospitalizations, particularly during the early phases of the pandemic. Granger causality tests and vector autoregressive modeling confirmed the predictive utility of Ct values, highlighting their potential as early warning indicators. …”
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Association of exposure to multiple volatile organic compounds with ultrasound-defined hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in the adult US population: NHANES 2017–2020 by Wentao Shao, Wentao Shao, Pan Gong, Qihan Wang, Fan Ding, Weiyi Shen, Hongchao Zhang, Anhua Huang, Chengyu Liu

“…These findings advocate for further research to explore the mechanistic pathways and conduct longitudinal studies to establish causality and enhance understanding of VOCs’ impact on liver health.…”
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The association between blood selenium and metabolic syndrome in adults: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies by Zahra Hajhashemy, Zahra Hajhashemy, Sahar Foshati, Mohammad Bagherniya, Gholamreza Askari

“…However, more longitudinal studies are needed to verify the causality of findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms.…”
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Relationships between muscle strength, lung function, and cognitive function in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: A study based on the China health and retirement longitudinal... by Yixuan Ma, Xinze Wu, Yinjiao Zhao, Weihao Hong, Yisheng Luan, Peiyu Song, Bing Zhang

“…Further long-term longitudinal cohort studies are needed to explore the causality between these factors.…”
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Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Association Between Mitochondrial Proteins and Neurodegenerative Diseases by Fangyuan Wang, Zhou Jing, Qingyi Wang, Minghe Li, Bingqi Lu, Ao Huo, Chenglin Zhao, Huanyu Zhou, Wulong Liang, Weihua Hu, Xudong Fu

“…Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR), employing instrumental variables (IVs), was used to assess causal relationships. The primary method for estimating causal effects was the inverse variance‐weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by additional MR approaches. …”
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