Fahr Syndrome Unknown Complication: Overactive Bladder by Devrim Tuglu, Ercan Yuvanç, Fatih Bal, Yakup Türkel, Ersel Dağ, Erdal Yılmaz, Ertan Batislam

“…Brain computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed that amorphous calcifications were detected in the bilaterally centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, capsula interna, thalami, mesencephalon, pons and bulbus, and the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. …”
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Distinct cortico-striatal compartments drive competition between adaptive and automatized behavior. by William H Barnett, Alexey Kuznetsov, Christopher C Lapish

“…Cortical and basal ganglia circuits play a crucial role in the formation of goal-directed and habitual behaviors. …”
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Coexistence of Gait Disturbances and Chorea in Experimental Huntington’s Disease by João Casaca-Carreira, Yasin Temel, Marloes van Zelst, Ali Jahanshahi

“…These symptoms may originate from distinct networks in the basal ganglia and downstream connections.…”
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Directed Attention in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome by Nellie Georgiou, John L. Bradshaw, Jim G. Phillips

“…Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a basal ganglia (BG) disorder, associated not only with hyperkinetic movements but also with attentional impairments. …”
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The Dysexecutive Syndrome Associated with Ischaemic Vascular Disease and Related Subcortical Neuropathology: A Boston Process Approach by Melissa Lamar, Cate C. Price, Tania Giovannetti, Rod Swenson, David J. Libon

“…., the dysexecutive phenotype, associated with ischaemic vascular disease and relate it to fundamental impairments of gating subserved by basal ganglia-thalamic pathways within and across various dementia syndromes.…”
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Neural Network of Predictive Motor Timing in the Context of Gender Differences by Pavel Filip, Jan Lošák, Tomáš Kašpárek, Jiří Vaníček, Martin Bareš

“…The established dominant cerebellar engagement offers novel evidence in favor of a pivotal role of this structure in predictive short-term timing, overshadowing the basal ganglia reported together with the frontal cortex as dominant in retrospective temporal processing in the subsecond spectrum. …”
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Asymmetrical Blood Flow in the Temporal Lobe in the Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Serial Neuroimaging Study by N. Adachi, M. Nagayama, K. Anami, K. Arima, H. Matsuda

“…A serial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study during visual hallucinations demonstrated hyperperfusion in the left temporal region and the basal ganglia and hypoperfusion in the right temporal region. …”
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Understanding and Prevention of “Therapy-” Induced Dyskinesias by Iciar Aviles-Olmos, Zinovia Kefalopoulou, Thomas Foltynie

“…Restoration of physiological circuitry within the basal ganglia loops is ultimately the aim of all cell and gene therapy approaches but each using distinctive strategies and accompanied by risks of exacerbation of LID or development of “off-phase”/GID. …”
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors for Parkinson's Disease Therapy by Fabrizio Gasparini, Thérèse Di Paolo, Baltazar Gomez-Mancilla

“…Excessive glutamatergic signalling within the basal ganglia is implicated in the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and inthe emergence of dyskinesia associated with long-term treatment with L-DOPA. …”
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Acute Transverse Myelitis (Ascending Myelitis) as the Initial Manifestation of Japanese Encephalitis: A Rare Presentation by Varshney Ankur Nandan, Kumar Nilesh, Behera Dibyaranjan, Tiwari Ashutosh, Anand Ravi, Anand Arvind

“…Brain MRI revealed bilateral basal ganglia that were grossly swollen with vasogenic edema tracking along internal capsule and midbrain. …”
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Procedural Memory: Computer Learning in Control Subjects and in Parkinson’s Disease Patients by C. Thomas-Antérion, B. Laurent, N. Foyatier-Michel, S. Laporte, D. Michel

“…Many questions still remain unanswered, and we have to study different kinds of implicit memory tasks to differentiate performance in control and basal ganglia groups.…”
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Does the Somatosensory Temporal Discrimination Threshold Change over Time in Focal Dystonia? by Antonella Conte, Gina Ferrazzano, Daniele Belvisi, Nicoletta Manzo, Antonio Suppa, Giovanni Fabbrini, Alfredo Berardelli

“…Some evidence suggests that STDT depends on cortical inhibitory interneurons in the basal ganglia and in primary somatosensory cortex. Several studies have reported that the STDT in patients with dystonia is abnormal. …”
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Wilson’s Disease: Diagnosis of Wilson’s Disease in Ethiopian Young Sisters by Nebiyu Bekele, Frew Ewnetu, Tigest Hailu, Zerubabel Tegegne, Abilo Tadesse

“…Both siblings had visible ocular Kayser–Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin level and increased urinary copper content, ultrasound-evidenced cirrhotic liver disease, and axial T2-weighted MRI hyperintensities in basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem (midbrain and pons). …”
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Impairment of neuronal activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex occurs early in parkinsonism by Noah Hjelle, Biswaranjan Mohanty, Tanner Hubbard, Matthew D. Johnson, Jing Wang, Luke A. Johnson, Jerrold L. Vitek

“…BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is often characterized by altered rates and patterns of neuronal activity in the sensorimotor regions of the basal ganglia thalamocortical network. Little is known, however, regarding how neuronal activity in the executive control network of the brain changes in the parkinsonian condition.ObjectiveInvestigate the impact of parkinsonism on neuronal activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a key region in executive control, during a go/nogo reaching task.MethodsUsing a within-subject design, single and multi-unit neuronal activity was recorded in the DLPFC of a nonhuman primate (n = 1) before and after the induction of mild parkinsonism using the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).ResultsCoincident with development of mild parkinsonian motor signs, there was a marked reduction in the percentage of DLPFC cells with significant task-related firing rate modulation during go and nogo conditions.ConclusionThese results suggest that DLPFC dysfunction may occur early in parkinsonism and contribute to cognitive impairments and disrupted executive function often observed in PD patients.…”
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The Implementation of the Biopsychosocial Model: Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder by Fernando Hinostroza, Michele M. Mahr

“…Also, our findings underscore alterations within the reward system, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis that contribute to the pathophysiology of AUD. …”
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Central nervous system involvement in Whipple's disease: Report of a rare pathological entity and comparative review of treatment strategies and outcomes by Moustafa A. Mansour, MD, MSc, MPhil, Reem W. Malaeb, BS, Islam E. Elnemr, MD, Mohamed Abdel-Fattah El-Salamoni, MD, Hamdi Nabawi Mostafa, MD, Zarina Ahmadi, MD

“…Neurological examination revealed oculomasticatory myorhythmia, and imaging studies showed nodular enhancement of the hypothalamus and basal ganglia, along with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. …”
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Parkinsonism associated with prolonged unresponsive wakefulness syndrome after blunt head injury: a clinico-pathological study by Kurt A. Jellinger

“…In addition to lesions in the basal ganglia and hippocampus, all cases displayed older lesions in the dorsolateral or lateral parts of the pons and in lower midbrain with various involvement of substantia nigra. …”
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Brain MR Contribution to the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes: An Update by Giovanni Rizzo, Stefano Zanigni, Roberto De Blasi, Daniela Grasso, Davide Martino, Rodolfo Savica, Giancarlo Logroscino

“…In the absence of extranigral abnormalities, the diagnosis of PD is more probable, whereas basal ganglia changes (mainly in the putamen) suggest the diagnosis of an atypical parkinsonian syndrome. …”
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Effects of Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation on Facial Emotion Recognition in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Literature Review by S. Kalampokini, E. Lyros, P. Lochner, K. Fassbender, M. M. Unger

“…FER worsening after STN DBS can be attributed to the functional role of the STN in limbic circuits and the interference of STN stimulation with neural networks involved in FER, including the connections of the STN with the limbic part of the basal ganglia and pre- and frontal areas. These outcomes improve our understanding of the role of the STN in the integration of motor, cognitive, and emotional aspects of behaviour in the growing field of affective neuroscience. …”
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Can a Positive Allosteric Modulation of GABAergic Receptors Improve Motor Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease? The Potential Role of Zolpidem in the Treatment of Parkinso... by Antonio Daniele, Francesco Panza, Antonio Greco, Giancarlo Logroscino, Davide Seripa

“…Since a high density of zolpidem binding sites is in the two main output structures of the basal ganglia which are abnormally overactive in PD (internal globus pallidus, GPi, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, SNr), it was hypothesized that in PD patients zolpidem may induce through GABAA receptors an inhibition of GPi and SNr (and, possibly, of the subthalamic nucleus also), resulting in an increased activity of motor cortical areas (such as supplementary motor area), which may give rise to improvement of motor symptoms of PD. …”
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