Response to ‘Commentary on the published position statement regarding the pathogenesis of fetal basal ganglia- thalamic hypoxic-ischaemic injury’ (Anthony et al.) by I Bhorat, E Buchmann, K Frank, P Soma-Pillay, E Nicolaou, L Pistorius, I Smuts

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Lateralization study of the basal ganglia, thalamus and supplying arteries in healthy individuals based on structure and connectivity analysis using 7.0T MRI by Hongqin Liang, Yawei Gu, Xiaoqi Yi, Li Kong, Jian Wang, Fajin Lv

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Altered functional brain connectivity in Dyt1 knock-in mouse models by R. Z. Adury, B. J. Wilkes, P. Girdhar, Y. Li, D. E. Vaillancourt, D. E. Vaillancourt, D. E. Vaillancourt

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Fahr's Syndrome With Hypoparathyroidism in a Patient With Schizophrenia and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Case Report by Ali Haider, Ali Danish, Allahdad Khan, Atta Ur Rehman, Muhammad Haris Latif, Salman Abdul Basit, Aseel Kamal, Obaid Imtiyazul Haque

Subjects: “…basal ganglia…”
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Mapping subcortical brain lesions, behavioral and acoustic analysis for early assessment of subacute stroke patients with dysarthria by Juan Liu, Juan Liu, Rukiye Ruzi, Chuyao Jian, Qiuyu Wang, Shuzhi Zhao, Manwa L. Ng, Shaofeng Zhao, Lan Wang, Nan Yan

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Exploring the Potential Imaging Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease Using Machine Learning Approach by Illia Mushta, Sulev Koks, Anton Popov, Oleksandr Lysenko

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Understanding the Functional Plasticity in Neural Networks of the Basal Ganglia in Cocaine Use Disorder: A Role for Allosteric Receptor-Receptor Interactions in A2A-D2 Heteroreceptor Complexes by Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela, Karolina Wydra, Julia Pintsuk, Manuel Narvaez, Fidel Corrales, Magdalena Zaniewska, Luigi F. Agnati, Rafael Franco, Sergio Tanganelli, Luca Ferraro, Malgorzata Filip, Kjell Fuxe

“…This principle is illustrated by showing how cocaine abuse can alter the adenosine A2AR-dopamine D2R heterocomplexes and their receptor-receptor interactions and hereby induce neural plasticity in the basal ganglia. Studies with A2AR ligands using cocaine self-administration procedures indicate that antagonistic allosteric A2AR-D2R heterocomplexes of the ventral striatopallidal GABA antireward pathway play a significant role in reducing cocaine induced reward, motivation, and cocaine seeking. …”
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Structural Correlates of Neurological Signs in Huntington’s Disease: A Quantitative Approach by E. A. Loh, J. K. A. Roberts, E. Mohr

“…Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetically transmitted disorder associated with atrophy of the basal ganglia. Studies of the neuroanatomical correlates of HD have focused primarily on the anterior areas of the basal ganglia and on establishing an association between structural changes resulting from the presence and course of the illness. …”
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Neonatal Brain MRI and Motor Outcome at School Age in Children with Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Review of Personal Experience by Eugenio Mercuri, Anna L. Barnett

“…Motor outcome appears to be mainly related to the severity of basal ganglia and internal capsule involvement. Severe basal ganglia lesions were always associated with the most severe outcome, microcephaly, tetraplegia, and severe global delay, whereas more discrete basal ganglia lesions were associated with athetoid cerebral palsy, with normal cognitive development or minor neuro-motor abnormalities. …”
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Methadone-Induced Toxic Brain Damage by Jérôme Corré, Jérôme Pillot, Gilles Hilbert

“…To our knowledge this is the first reported case of both cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in methadone overdose.…”
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Cerebral Ultrasound at Term-Equivalent Age: Correlations with Neuro-Motor Outcomes at 12–24 Months Corrected Age by Adrian Ioan Toma, Vlad Dima, Lidia Rusu, Alexandra Floriana Nemeș, Bogdan Florin Gonț, Alexandra Arghirescu, Andreea Necula, Alina Fieraru, Roxana Stoiciu, Larisa Andrășoaie, Loredana Mitran, Claudia Mehedințu, Al Jashi Isam

“…<b>Methods:</b> The following were assessed: the Levine Index, the diagonals of the lateral ventricles, the size of the ventricular midbody, the sinocortical distance, the width of the basal ganglia, the cortical depth at the level of the cingular sulcus and the maturation of the gyral folding. …”
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Predictors and lesion patterns of dysphagia and swallowing outcomes after acute intracerebral hemorrhage by Xiao Hu, Min Wang, Zijie Wang, Yanfang Xie, Mengqiu Zhang, Shanyu Zhang, Tiannan Yang, Chuanqin Fang, Libo Zhao, Yanghua Tian, Qi Li

“…Midline shift and basal ganglia hematoma remained independent predictors of impaired swallowing on day 30. …”
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Disrupted Auto-Activation, Dysexecutive and Confabulating Syndrome Following Bilateral Thalamic and Right Putaminal Stroke by Lieve De Witte, Sebastiaan Engelborghs, Jo Verhoeven, Peter P. De Deyn, Peter Mariën

“…Quantified ECD SPECT revealed bilateral hypoperfusions in the basal ganglia and thalamus but no perfusion deficits were found at the cortical level. …”
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Neurobiological mechanism of music improving gait disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a mini review by Ling-Zhi Huang, Zhi Qi

“…By means of rhythm entrainment, the central pattern generator can produce walking rhythm synchronized with music rhythm, control muscle tension, and then regulate human gait. Basal ganglia dysfunction is the main cause of abnormal gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease. …”
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Multi-study fMRI outlooks on subcortical BOLD responses in the stop-signal paradigm by Scott Isherwood, Sarah A Kemp, Steven Miletić, Niek Stevenson, Pierre-Louis Bazin, Birte Forstmann

“…This study investigates the functional network underlying response inhibition in the human brain, particularly the role of the basal ganglia in successful action cancellation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approaches have frequently used the stop-signal task to examine this network. …”
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Characterizing Cerebral Imaging and Electroclinical Features of Five Pseudohypoparathyroidism Cases Presenting with Epileptic Seizures by Zijuan Qi, Zhensheng Li, Quwen Gao, Li Dong, Jian Lin, Kairun Peng, Wei Xiang, Bingmei Deng

“…Cerebral CT scans showed extensive brain calcifications in the bilateral basal ganglia (all five cases), cerebellum (cases 1, 3, and 5), thalamus (case 4), and cerebral cortex. …”
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Caudate Nucleus Volume Mediates the Link between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults by Timothy D. Verstynen, Brighid Lynch, Destiny L. Miller, Michelle W. Voss, Ruchika Shaurya Prakash, Laura Chaddock, Chandramallika Basak, Amanda Szabo, Erin A. Olson, Thomas R. Wojcicki, Jason Fanning, Neha P. Gothe, Edward McAuley, Arthur F. Kramer, Kirk I. Erickson

“…The basal ganglia play a central role in regulating the response selection abilities that are critical for mental flexibility. …”
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Scriptaid Alleviated Neurological Dysfunction after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice by Heng Yang, Wei Ni, Hanqiang Jiang, Yu Lei, Jiabin Su, Yuxiang Gu, Liangfu Zhou

“…An ICH model was constructed by injecting autologous blood into the right basal ganglia in mice. The animals were administered 3.5 mg/kg of Scriptaid intraperitoneally after ICH. …”
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The Mechanisms of Movement Control and Time Estimation in Cervical Dystonia Patients by Pavel Filip, Ovidiu V. Lungu, Daniel J. Shaw, Tomas Kasparek, Martin Bareš

“…Traditionally, the pathophysiology of cervical dystonia has been regarded mainly in relation to neurochemical abnormities in the basal ganglia. Recently, however, substantial evidence has emerged for cerebellar involvement. …”
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Delta opioid receptors affect acoustic features of song during vocal learning in zebra finches by Utkarsha A. Singh, Soumya Iyengar

“…Since the opioid and dopaminergic systems interact, we decided to study whether blocking δ-ORs during the sensitive period led to changes in dopaminoceptive neurons in Area X, a song control nucleus in the basal ganglia. Interestingly, compared with controls, naltrindole-treated birds had higher numbers of DARPP-32-positive medium spiny neurons and potentially excitatory synapses in Area X. …”
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