Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies: a case series report by S. Naudžiūnaitė, R. Bunevičiūtė, B. Burnytė

“…In five patients, electroneurography showed signs of demyelinating type, in one – mixed (predominantly axonal). This study highlights the diversity of the clinical course of HNPP and the importance of early diagnosis including electrophysiological studies and genetic testing of copy number variation at 17p12 locus, which can prevent clinical manifestations of the disease and/or complications. …”
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Dysfunction of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in Alzheimer's Disease by William Z. Suo, Longxuan Li

“…The deficiency of GRK5, on the other hand, impairs presynaptic M2 autoreceptor desensitization, which leads to a reduced acetylcholine release, axonal/synaptic degenerative changes, and associated amnestic, mild cognitive impairment. …”
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Methadone-Induced Delayed Posthypoxic Encephalopathy: Clinical, Radiological, and Pathological Findings by Manoj Mittal, Yunxia Wang, Alan Reeves, Kathy Newell

“…Brain biopsy showed significant axonal injury in the white matter. He was treated successfully with combination of steroids and antioxidants. …”
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Evaluating neurofilament light chain serum levels as a diagnostic marker for Lyme neuroborreliosis by Cédric Hirzel, Annina Grütter, Denis Grandgirard, Robert Hoepner, Franziska Suter-Riniker, Stephen L. Leib

“…Background: Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) is a biomarker for neuro-axonal injury. Objectives: To assess sNfL’s utility as a diagnostic marker for Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). …”
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Administration of Recombinant Heat Shock Protein 70 Delays Peripheral Muscle Denervation in the SOD1G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by David J. Gifondorwa, Ramon Jimenz-Moreno, Crystal D. Hayes, Hesam Rouhani, Mac B. Robinson, Jane L. Strupe, James Caress, Carol Milligan

“…Injections of the protein appeared to arrest denervation with preserved large myelinated peripheral axons, and reduced glial activation.…”
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Derivation and Identification of Motor Neurons from Human Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Huan Yi, Bingbing Xie, Ben Liu, Xuan Wang, Li Xu, Jia Liu, Min Li, Xiufeng Zhong, Fuhua Peng

“…Furthermore, in coculture with muscle cells, MNs projected long axons and formed neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). …”
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Peripheral Nerve Injury-Induced Astrocyte Activation in Spinal Ventral Horn Contributes to Nerve Regeneration by Changhui Qian, Dandan Tan, Xianghai Wang, Lixia Li, Jinkun Wen, Mengjie Pan, Yuanyuan Li, Wutian Wu, Jiasong Guo

“…Furthermore, administering fluorocitrate to inhibit astrocyte activation resulted in decreased neurotrophin expression in the spinal ventral horn and delayed axonal regeneration in the nerve as well as motor function recovery. …”
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GABAB receptors regulate the neural stem cell potential of Pkd2l1+ cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by Liang Cao, Wei-Hong Yan, Wenjun Pi, Yi Zhang, Yan-Xiang Xiong, V. Wee Yong, Mengzhou Xue, Qing Li, Chunfu Zheng, Leiluo Yang

“…Additionally, this activation mitigated vacuole loss and neuronal damage in the pericentral canal region of the spinal cord, attenuated myelin and axonal loss within the spinal cord, and facilitated motor function recovery in SCI model mice. …”
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Intrathecal Immunoglobulin A Synthesis in Multiple Sclerosis: From Biological Aspects to Clinical Relevance by Dariia Kliushnikova, Ferdinand Otto, Georg Pilz, Peter Wipfler, Andrea Harrer

“…The presence of IgA-positive plasma cells in MS lesions and along damaged axons suggests a role in disease pathogenesis. Available clinical evidence about a potential positive or negative prognostic role is scarce and inconclusive. …”
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Development of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy 11 Days after Spinal Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review by Eiichi Kakehi, Tadataka Kawakami, Yukiko Ishikawa, Takashi Matsuoka, Naoki Nakagawa, Tugutake Morishita, Shohei Taniguchi, Yukinobu Akamatsu, Shigehisa Sakurai, Akane Hirotani, Takafumi Nozaki, Keisuke Shoji, Seiji Adachi, Kazuhiko Kotani, Masami Matsumura

“…Although anti-GM1 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies were positive, the patient was clinically diagnosed with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (a subtype of GBS), not acute motor axonal neuropathy. She recovered well with immunoglobulin therapy. …”
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The optic radiations and reading development: A longitudinal study of children born term and preterm by Lisa Bruckert, Garikoitz Lerma-Usabiaga, Lauren R. Borchers, Virginia A. Marchman, Katherine E. Travis, Heidi M. Feldman

“…Negative associations implicate increasing axonal diameter and/or complexity in fiber structure as drivers of faster reading development.…”
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Altered Recruitment of the Attention Network Is Associated with Disability and Cognitive Impairment in Pediatric Patients with Acquired Brain Injury by Sandra Strazzer, Maria A. Rocca, Erika Molteni, Ermelinda De Meo, Monica Recla, Paola Valsasina, Filippo Arrigoni, Susanna Galbiati, Alessandra Bardoni, Massimo Filippi

“…Such abnormal brain recruitment was significantly influenced by the type of lesion (focal versus diffuse axonal injury) and time elapsed from the event. Pediatric ABI patients experienced an inability to optimize attention network recruitment, especially when task difficulty was increased, which likely contributes to their clinical and cognitive deficits.…”
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Trehalose enhances macrophage autophagy to promote myelin debris clearance after spinal cord injury by Zhida Ma, Congpeng Meng, Xiang Wang, Yuanzhe Zhao, Jingwen Wang, Yihao Chen, Yiteng Li, Yan Jiang, Fangru Ouyang, Jianjian Li, Meige Zheng, Li Cheng, Juehua Jing

“…In vivo, trehalose administration markedly reduced myelin debris accumulation, inhibited foamy macrophage formation, suppressed inflammatory responses, decreased fibrotic scarring, and promoted axonal growth and motor function recovery after SCI. …”
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Exploring the microbiota-gut-brain axis: impact on brain structure and function by Lidya K. Yassin, Mohammed M. Nakhal, Alreem Alderei, Afra Almehairbi, Ayishal B. Mydeen, Amal Akour, Mohammad I. K. Hamad

“…In the initial stages of this review, we will examine the way how MGBA affects neurogenesis, neuronal dendritic morphology, axonal myelination, microglia structure, brain blood barrier (BBB) structure and permeability, and synaptic structure. …”
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The Association between Serum Cytokines and Damage to Large and Small Nerve Fibers in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy by Francesca Magrinelli, Chiara Briani, Marcello Romano, Susanna Ruggero, Elisabetta Toffanin, Giuseppa Triolo, George Chummar Peter, Marialuigia Praitano, Matteo Francesco Lauriola, Giampietro Zanette, Stefano Tamburin

“…Raised serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 correlated with markers of large nerve fiber sensory and motor axonal damage. Raised IL-10 serum level was associated with signs of motor nerve demyelination. …”
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3D printed biodegradable hydrogel-based multichannel nerve conduits mimicking peripheral nerve fascicules by Woo-Youl Maeng, Yerim Lee, Szu-Han Chen, Kyung Su Kim, Daeun Sung, Wan-Ling Tseng, Gyu-Nam Kim, Young-Hag Koh, Yuan-Yu Hsueh, Jahyun Koo

“…The improper dispersion of regenerating axons makes it difficult to develop nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) for treating PNI. …”
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Diverse Short-Term Dynamics of Inhibitory Synapses Converging on Striatal Projection Neurons: Differential Changes in a Rodent Model of Parkinson’s Disease by Janet Barroso-Flores, Marco A. Herrera-Valdez, Violeta Gisselle Lopez-Huerta, Elvira Galarraga, José Bargas

“…About 5% of striatal neurons are GABAergic interneurons whose axons expand hundreds of microns. Short-term synaptic plasticity (STSP) between fast-spiking (FS) interneurons and SPNs and between SPNs has been described with electrophysiological and optogenetic techniques. …”
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Cryopreservation of primary neonatal rat oligodendrocytes and recapitulation of in vitro oligodendrocyte characteristics by Hanki Kim, Hanki Kim, Bum Jun Kim, Bum Jun Kim, Seungyon Koh, Seungyon Koh, Seungyon Koh, Hyo Jin Cho, Byung Gon Kim, Byung Gon Kim, Jun Young Choi, Jun Young Choi

“…After induction of differentiation for four days, ~43% of both control and cryopreserved OPCs differentiated into mature OLs, and when differentiation was induced on aligned nanofibers mimicking axonal structure, myelin sheath-like structures indicative of in vitro myelination was observed in all experimental groups.ConclusionThe validation of cryopreserved primary OLs as a functionally robust in vitro model can help improve the efficiency of primary OL culture, expand its applications, and reduce the inevitable sacrifice of animals.…”
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Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function by Luis Miguel Román-Pintos, Geannyne Villegas-Rivera, Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez, Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz, Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz

“…These free radicals cause lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and nucleic acid damage, to finally induce axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination. The prevalence of DPN ranges from 2.4% to 78.8% worldwide, depending on the diagnostic method and the population assessed (hospital-based or outpatients). …”
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Characterization of Neurogenic Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells Cultured in Xeno/Serum-Free Condition: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment by Jieun Jung, Jong-Wan Kim, Ho-Jin Moon, Jin Young Hong, Jung Keun Hyun

“…Neural stem cells (NSCs) have a high potency for differentiation to neurons and glial cells for replacement of damaged cells and paracrine effects for the regeneration and remyelination of host axons. Dental pulp is known to have a potential to differentiate into neural-like cells; therefore, dental pulp may be used as an autologous cell source for neural repair. …”
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