Protection of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Kanglan Li, Shouchao Wei, Li Hu, Xiaojian Yin, Yingren Mai, Chunmei Jiang, Xiaoping Peng, Xingxing Cao, Zhongkai Huang, Haihong Zhou, Guoda Ma, Zhou Liu, Huiliang Li, Bin Zhao

“…We also found that FMT led to reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes and conferred protection on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), myelin, and axons in EAE. Taken together, our data suggest that FMT, as a GM-based therapy, has the potential to be an effective treatment for MS.…”
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Role of Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis and Biological Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis by Milan Buc

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease in which the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms. …”
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The Citron homology domain of MAP4Ks improves outcomes of traumatic brain injury by Xiaoling Zhong, Wenjiao Tai, Meng-Lu Liu, Shuaipeng Ma, Tianjin Shen, Yuhua Zou, Chun-Li Zhang

“…The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinases (MAP4Ks) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in axonal regrowth and neuronal degeneration following insults. …”
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Nonapoptotic caspase-3 guides C1q-dependent synaptic phagocytosis by microglia by Megumi Andoh, Natsuki Shinoda, Yusuke Taira, Tasuku Araki, Yuka Kasahara, Haruki Takeuchi, Masayuki Miura, Yuji Ikegaya, Ryuta Koyama

“…High-resolution live imaging reveals that caspase-3 activation promotes synapse-selective complement-dependent microglial phagocytosis without axonal shearing. Furthermore, activity-dependent caspase-3 activation at inhibitory presynapses induces microglial phagocytosis in mice and increases seizure susceptibility. …”
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A riboflavin-responsive neuronopathy with unique characteristics: Brown-Vialetto- Van Laere syndrome by Soreya BELARBI, Samira Makri MOKRANE

“… Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome (BVVLS) is a rare disease characterized by progressive axonal neuropathy, optic atrophy, hearing loss, bulbar dysfunction, and respiratory failure associated with mutations in the SLC52A2 and SLC52A3 genes that code for the human riboflavin transporters RFVT2 and RFVT3, respectively. …”
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A riboflavin-responsive neuronopathy with unique characteristics: Brown-Vialetto- Van Laere syndrome by Soreya BELARBI, Samira Makri MOKRANE

“… Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome (BVVLS) is a rare disease characterized by progressive axonal neuropathy, optic atrophy, hearing loss, bulbar dysfunction, and respiratory failure associated with mutations in the SLC52A2 and SLC52A3 genes that code for the human riboflavin transporters RFVT2 and RFVT3, respectively. …”
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Defects in hair cells disrupt the development of auditory peripheral circuitry by Riley T. Bottom, Yijun Xu, Caroline Siebald, Jinsei Jung, Ulrich Müller

“…This includes genes regulating axonal pathfinding and synaptogenesis, two processes that are disrupted in the inner ear of the mutant mice. …”
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Optic neuritis: relation between inflammatory genetic markers and occurrence of the disease by V. Punytė, R. Liutkevičienė

“…Although the cause of ON is multifactorial, a lot of attention is given to inflammatory and immune processes which are considered to contribute to demyelination of axons. Typical ON occurs as subacute unilateral decrease in visual acuity (VA) and pain which intensifies during eye movement. …”
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Rare coexistence of spinal muscular atrophy with membranous nephropathy – A clinical conundrum with management dilemma by Gerry G. Mathew, Jayaprakash Varadharajan, Sreedhar Sailapathy, R. Kalpana

“…Electromyogram was suggestive of chronic motor axonal loss with a myogenic pattern, and a deltoid muscle biopsy revealed groups of atrophic muscle fibers and hypertrophic fibers with pan fascicular atrophy suggestive of adult-onset spinal muscular atrophy. …”
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Neuroendocrine Cell Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Arising in Long Standing History of Multiple Sclerosis by Stergios Boussios, Vasiliki Kostadima, Anna Batistatou, Ioannis Tourkantonis, George Fotopoulos, Maria I. Argyropoulou, Nicholas Pavlidis

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets myelinated axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is a well-recognised clinical disorder, accounting for 3–5% of all malignant epithelial tumors. …”
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Fahr Syndrome Unknown Complication: Overactive Bladder by Devrim Tuglu, Ercan Yuvanç, Fatih Bal, Yakup Türkel, Ersel Dağ, Erdal Yılmaz, Ertan Batislam

“…We consider the detrusor overactivity which occurred one year after the start of the neurological symptoms as the suprapontine inhibition and damage in the axonal pathways in the Fahr syndrome.…”
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Childhood polyarteritis nodosa presenting as central nervous system vasculitis by Sham Santhanam, Ravikumar Thambithurai, Nataraj Palaniappan, Mukul Vij, Srinivasan Kalyanasundaram

“…She also had systemic symptoms, myalgia, leg ulcers, weight loss, axonal neuropathy, and proteinuria. She was treated with pulse methylprednisolone, monthly intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide, and intravenous immunoglobulin. …”
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Combination Treatment of C16 Peptide and Angiopoietin-1 Alleviates Neuromyelitis Optica in an Experimental Model by Yuanyuan Zhang, Kewei Tian, Hong Jiang, Beibei Wang, Shu Han

“…Our results demonstrated that this combination therapy significantly decreased disease severity, inflammatory cell infiltration, secondary demyelination, and axonal loss, thus reducing neural death. In conclusion, our study suggests a possible treatment that can relieve progressive blindness and paralysis in an animal model of NMO through improvement of the inflammatory milieu.…”
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Bone Marrow-Derived, Neural-Like Cells Have the Characteristics of Neurons to Protect the Peripheral Nerve in Microenvironment by Shi-lei Guo, Zhi-ying Zhang, Yan Xu, Yun-xia Zhi, Chang-jie Han, Yu-hao Zhou, Fang Liu, Hai-yan Lin, Chuan-sen Zhang

“…Effective repair of peripheral nerve defects is difficult because of the slow growth of new axonal growth. We propose that “neural-like cells” may be useful for the protection of peripheral nerve destructions. …”
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Usefulness of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in assessing the clinical course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A case series by Vrinda Viswanath, R Neena

“…OCT PP RNFL thickness was found to correlate with an increase and decrease in disk edema; however, in the presence of optic atrophy, mGCL was found to be a better predictor of ongoing axonal damage. A valid relationship was found between the patient’s clinical course, visual field changes as well as the RNFL and GCL parameters in OCT. …”
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Brain injury biomarkers and applications in neurological diseases by Han Zhang, Jing Wang, Yang Qu, Yi Yang, Zhen-Ni Guo, Yanjie Yin

“…In this review, we described biomarkers for neuronal cell body injury (neuron-specific enolase, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, αII-spectrin), axonal injury (neurofilament proteins, tau), astrocyte injury (S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein), demyelination (myelin basic protein), autoantibodies, and other emerging biomarkers (extracellular vesicles, microRNAs). …”
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Role of Cytokines and Toll-Like Receptors in the Immunopathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome by Kishan Kumar Nyati, Kashi Nath Prasad

“…Evidences suggest that systemically and locally released cytokines and their involvement in immune-mediated demyelination and axonal damage of peripheral nerves are important in the pathogenesis of GBS. …”
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The crucial role of 5hmC in neuroprotection and repair after cerebrovascular injury by Yanina Tsenkina

“…Additionally, it explores emerging evidence suggesting that 5hmC contributes to neurorepair by promoting neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, angiogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. …”
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Cap-Assisted Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of an Incidental Rectal Traumatic Neuroma by Elias Estifan, Varun Patel, Matthew Grossman

“…A traumatic neuroma is a well-known complication after acute trauma to a peripheral nerve; the nerve tries to re-establish continuity by an orderly growth of axons from the peripheral to distal stump through the proliferation of Schwann cells. …”
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Brain network and energy imbalance in Parkinson’s disease: linking ATP reduction and α-synuclein pathology by Hirohisa Watanabe, Sayuri Shima, Kazuya Kawabata, Yasuaki Mizutani, Akihiro Ueda, Akihiro Ueda, Mizuki Ito, Mizuki Ito

“…The energy imbalance also affects subcortical regions, including the massive axonal arbors in the striatum of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons, due to their high metabolic demand. …”
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