Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus by Muhammad U. Sohail, Asmaa Althani, Haseeb Anwar, Roberto Rizzi, Hany E. Marei

“…A change in microbial diversity, referred as microbial dysbiosis, alters the gut fermentation profile and intestinal wall integrity and causes metabolic endotoxemia, low-grade inflammation, autoimmunity, and other affiliated metabolic disorders. …”
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Contribution of Regulatory T Cell Methylation Modifications to the Pathogenesis of Allergic Airway Diseases by Jiani Li, Jichao Sha, Liwei Sun, Dongdong Zhu, Cuida Meng

“…Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subtype of CD4+ T cells that play a significant role in the protection from autoimmunity and the maintenance of immune tolerance via immune regulation. …”
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Management of a Dog with Poorly Regulated Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Pancreatitis, and Suspected Atopy with Cyclosporine by Jörg M. Steiner, Brian J. Huber

“…This case report would suggest that further research into autoimmunity in dogs with chronic pancreatitis is warranted. …”
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Adalimumab (TNFα Inhibitor) Therapy Exacerbates IgA Glomerulonephritis Acute Renal Injury and Induces Lupus Autoantibodies in a Psoriasis Patient by S. S. Wei, R. Sinniah

“…Use of TNFα inhibitors is associated with the induction of autoimmunity (systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, and sarcoidosis or sarcoid-like granulomas) (Ramos-Casals et al. (2010)). …”
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When the Benign Pneumatosis Intestinalis Becomes No Longer Benign: A Rare Case of Bowel Perforation in a Patient with Systemic Sclerosis by Jian Guan, Alvina Munaf, Alric V. Simmonds, Irteza Inayat

“…Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem disease featured with autoimmunity and organ fibrosis. Although gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement is common in patients with systemic sclerosis, colonic perforation is extremely rare. …”
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Positive and Negative Regulation of Cellular Immune Responses in Physiologic Conditions and Diseases by S. Viganò, M. Perreau, G. Pantaleo, A. Harari

“…The immune system has evolved to allow robust responses against pathogens while avoiding autoimmunity. This is notably enabled by stimulatory and inhibitory signals which contribute to the regulation of immune responses. …”
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Is Myasthenia Gravis a Real Complication of the COVID-19 Vaccine? A Case Report-Based Systematic Review by Omid Mirmosayyeb, Elham Moases Ghaffary, Mahsa Mazdak, Zahra Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Vahid Shaygannejad

“…Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular, autoimmune disease that causes weakness by impairing neuromuscular transmission. …”
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Potential Application of Tregitopes as Immunomodulating Agents in Multiple Sclerosis by Wassim Elyaman, Samia J. Khoury, David W. Scott, Anne S. De Groot

“…The induction of immunologic tolerance is an important clinical goal in autoimmunity. CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, defined by the expression of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), play a central role in the control of autoimmune responses. …”
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Role of Interleukin- (IL-) 17 in the Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapies in Spondyloarthropathies by I-Tsu Chyuan, Ji-Yih Chen

“…Further evidence from human and animal studies have defined that IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells contribute to tissue inflammation, autoimmunity, and host defense, leading to the following pathologic events associated with SpA. …”
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The clinicoserological spectrum of inflammatory myopathy in the context of systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus by John D Pauling, Sarah Skeoch, Julie J Paik

“…Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are characterized by a pathological triad composed of autoimmunity/inflammation, microangiopathy, and aberrant tissue remodeling. …”
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Antitumor Responses of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells by Jennie B. Altman, Adriana D. Benavides, Rupali Das, Hamid Bassiri

“…This body of literature suggests that NKT cells play diverse nonredundant roles in a number of disease processes, including the initiation and propagation of airway hyperreactivity, protection against a variety of pathogens, development of autoimmunity, and mediation of allograft responses. In this review, however, we focus on the role of a specific lineage of NKT cells in antitumor immunity. …”
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Immune Thrombocytopenia and JAK2V617F Positive Essential Thrombocythemia: Literature Review and Case Report by M. A. Sobas, T. Wróbel, K. Zduniak, M. Podolak-Dawidziak, J. Rybka, M. Biedroń, M. Sawicki, J. Dybko, K. Kuliczkowski

“…On the basis of this case history a possible role of autoimmunity as a predisposing factor to myeloproliferation has been discussed.…”
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The Danger Model Approach to the Pathogenesis of the Rheumatic Diseases by César Pacheco-Tena, Susana Aideé González-Chávez

“…We assume that tissular dysfunction is a prerequisite for chronic autoimmunity and propose two genetically conferred hypothetical roles for the tissular cells causing the disease: (A) the Impaired cell and (B) the paranoid cell. …”
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Progress in the Relationship between Vitamin D Deficiency and the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children by Lian-Ping He, Yu-Xin Song, Ting Zhu, Wei Gu, Chang-Wei Liu

“…Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease, due to a large number of islet β cells damaged, resulting in an absolute lack of insulin, ultimately relying on insulin therapy. …”
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The evolving spectrum of interstitial lung disease in myositis—Management pearls by Takahisa Gono

“…Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are characterized by muscle inflammation caused by exacerbated autoimmunity reactions. Patients with IIMs also have extramuscular lesions, such as skin rash, arthritis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and cardiomyopathy. …”
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Rodent Models for Investigating the Dysregulation of Immune Responses in Type 1 Diabetes by Feng-Cheng Chou, Heng-Yi Chen, Shyi-Jou Chen, Mei-Cho Fang, Huey-Kang Sytwu

“…Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease mediated by T cells that selectively destroy the insulin-producing β cells. …”
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Inflammation and Immune Response in COPD: Where Do We Stand? by Nikoletta Rovina, Antonia Koutsoukou, Nikolaos G. Koulouris

“…Furthermore, viral and bacterial infections interfere with the chronic inflammation seen in stable COPD and exacerbations via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Finally, autoimmunity is another novel aspect that may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COPD. …”
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Immune Privilege and Eye-Derived T-Regulatory Cells by Hiroshi Keino, Shintaro Horie, Sunao Sugita

“…We believe that a better understanding of the ocular immune privilege associated with Tregs might offer a new approach with regard to therapeutic interventions for ocular autoimmunity.…”
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Sex hormones and allergies: exploring the gender differences in immune responses by Jesús Alberto Gutiérrez-Brito, José Álvaro Lomelí-Nieto, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, Edith Oregon-Romero, Jazz Alan Corona-Angeles, Jorge Hernández-Bello

“…Similar sex-based differences are observed in other immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases. In allergies, women exhibit a higher prevalence of atopic conditions, such as allergic asthma and eczema, in comparison to men. …”
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An In Vitro Model of Gastric Inflammation and Treatment with Cobalamin by T. R. Elliott, A. L. Guildford

“…Pernicious anaemia (PA) is an autoimmune condition where antibodies target intrinsic factor and parietal cells, reducing the patient’s ability to absorb cobalamin promoting atrophic gastritis. …”
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