The Challenge of Appropriate Identification and Treatment of Starvation, Sarcopenia, and Cachexia: A Survey of Australian Dietitians by Alison Yaxley, Michelle D. Miller

“…Given that the effectiveness of treatment depends on the aetiology of unintentional weight loss, it is important that clinicians are aware of the defining characteristics. …”
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Self-isolation of adolescents after Covid-19 pandemic between social withdrawal and Hikikomori risk in Italy by Loredana Cerbara, Giulia Ciancimino, Gianni Corsetti, Antonio Tintori

“…Abstract Social withdrawal is a widespread phenomenon among adolescents, presenting significant challenges in understanding its aetiology and dynamics. This study, drawing on data from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2019 and 2022 on students in public upper secondary schools, investigates the trend of self-isolation among Italian adolescents before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. …”
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Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review by Vikrant Veer, Albert Lim, Wolfgang Issing

“…KFD, frequently found in East Asian countries, is rare in the UK. No definite aetiology of KFD is known despite autoimmune and infection factors being suggested. …”
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Talar Neck Fracture after United Tibiotalar Fusion by W. Platt, M. Welck, B. Rudge

“…However, the original case described a fracture sustained in the very early postoperative period following tibiotalar fusion, postulated to be secondary to postimmobilisation osteopaenia or stress risers from metalwork. The aetiology in this case is likely due to axial compression transmitted to the talar neck via the calcaneus. …”
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Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum: A Case Report of Successful Arthroscopic Treatment by J. Ribeiras Cabral, R. Henriques, J. Arvela Matoso, S. Martins, M. Sarmento

“…Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a localized disorder of the subchondral bone, in a region with limited healing capacity. Although its aetiology is still unknown, it has been associated with repetitive microtrauma. …”
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Multiple Abdominal Cocoons: An Unusual Presentation of Intestinal Obstruction and a Diagnostic Dilemma by Mohammad Zain Sohail, Shumaila Hasan, Benan Dala-Ali, Shahanoor Ali, M. A. Hashmi

“…Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) or abdominal cocoon is a rare acquired condition with an unknown aetiology. It is characterized by encapsulation of the small bowel by a fibrous membrane and can lead to intestinal obstruction. …”
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Burning Mouth Syndrome: Aetiopathogenesis and Principles of Management by L. Feller, J. Fourie, M. Bouckaert, R. A. G. Khammissa, R. Ballyram, J. Lemmer

“…Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic debilitating oral condition characterised by a burning sensation of the oral mucosa in an otherwise apparently normal person. Its aetiology and pathogenesis are obscure, but both psychogenic factors and peripheral and central neuropathies appear to be implicated. …”
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Early Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A New Association with Erythema Nodosum of Unknown Origin by Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos

“…Our report may suggest that PBC could be kept in mind in EN patients of unknown aetiology and particularly, when middle-aged female patients are affected. …”
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Inflammation and Macular Oedema after Pars Plana Vitrectomy by Vito Romano, Martina Angi, Fabrizio Scotti, Renata del Grosso, Davide Romano, Francesco Semeraro, Paolo Vinciguerra, Ciro Costagliola, Mario R. Romano

“…Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is a major cause of reduced vision following intraocular surgery. Although the aetiology of CMO is not completely clarified, intraocular inflammation is known to play a major role in its development. …”
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Extremely Rare Form of Impaction Bilateral Kissing Molars: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature by Tamer Zerener, Gurkan Rasit Bayar, Hasan Ayberk Altug, Serkan Kiran

“…In some cases kissing molars can be seen but occurrence of bilateral kissing molars is extremely rare phenomenon in the dental literature and the aetiology of this phenomenon is still unknown. In this paper we describe a case and review of the literature and discuss the management of this pathology. …”
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What is “Hyper” in the ALS Hypermetabolism? by Alberto Ferri, Roberto Coccurello

“…Despite the multiple mechanisms believed to underlie the selective loss of motor neurons, ALS aetiology remains elusive and obscure. Likewise, there is also a cluster of alterations in ALS patients in which muscle wasting, body weight loss, eating dysfunction, and abnormal energy dissipation coexist. …”
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Detection of fungal sequences in human brain: rDNA locus amplification and deep sequencing by Rodrigo Leitao, Iam Ut Wan, Harry Chown, Thomas J. Williams, Matthew C. Fisher, Johanna Rhodes

“…Abstract The aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are unknown and tend to manifest at a late stage in life; even though these neurodegenerative diseases are caused by different affected proteins, they are both characterized by neuroinflammation. …”
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Survival Following Extreme Hypernatraemia Associated with Severe Dehydration and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus by Hao Xiao, Rahul Barmanray, Sarah Qian, Dilantha De Alwis, Gerard Fennessy

“…He was treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement in the intensive care unit, and had returned to essentially normal function by hospital discharge. The aetiology was believed to be due to severe dehydration and a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. …”
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A narrative review of proactive palliative care models for people with COPD by Amy Pascoe, Xinye Chen, Natasha Smallwood

“…Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases that are distinct in underlying aetiology but share a common disease course of persistent and progressive airflow restriction. …”
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Relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome by Alicia A. Thorp, Markus P. Schlaich

“…Accumulating data from animal and human studies suggest that central sympathetic overactivity plays a pivotal role in the aetiology and complications of several metabolic conditions that can cluster to form the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). …”
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Verrucous Papillary Lesions: Dilemmas in Diagnosis and Terminology by Thomas George Kallarakkal, Anand Ramanathan, Rosnah Binti Zain

“…A majority of the benign VPLs have viral aetiology and include commonly occurring squamous papilloma along with verruca vulgaris, focal epithelial hyperplasia, and condyloma. …”
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Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Dentigerous Cyst by Antonione Santos Bezerra Pinto, André Luiz Ferreira Costa, Neiandro dos Santos Galvão, Thásia Luiz Dias Ferreira, Sérgio Lúcio Pereira de Castro Lopes

“…Odontogenic cysts have a high prevalence in the dental clinic population, with dentigerous cyst being one of the most frequent ones and whose aetiology involves accumulation of fluid between the reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of an unerupted tooth. …”
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Experience in the management of patients with nasal fractures. by Sahily Espino Otero, Julio Romero Rodrígez, Odalys Acevedo Sierra, Jorge Luis Estepa Pérez

“…The studies variables were age, sex, aetiology, clinical signs, classification depending on the fractures focus and direction of the trauma, treatment following the guidelines for good clinical practices and post-treatment assessment. …”
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Biomarkers as Key Contributors in Treating Malignant Melanoma Metastases by Camila Ferreira de Souza, Alice Santana Morais, Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis

“…At the present time, at least three hypotheses were identified that may explain melanoma aetiology, as follows: (1) a model of linear progression from differentiated melanocytes to metastatic cancer cells (2) a model involving the appearance of melanoma stem-like cells, and (3) an epigenetic progenitor model of cancer. …”
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Specificity of Cognitive Impairment in Neurological Disease: A Methodological Critique of Parkinson’s Disease by H. J. Sagar

“…Definitions of dementia have been proposed based on symptom profiles of the cognitive disorder and qualitative differences have been claimed between dementias of different aetiology. Some conditions have been claimed to show patterns of cognitive deficit that are distinguished from dementia and related to specific neuropathology or psychological processes, e.g. frontal lobe deficits in Parkinson's disease. …”
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