Relation between opioid consumption and inclusion of opioids in 137 national essential medicines lists by Carl Heneghan, Jeffrey K Aronson, Kamal R Mahtani, Georgia C Richards, Nav Persaud, Constantinos Koshiaris

“…Using the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) consumption statistics for 2015–2017, we assessed the relation between annual mean opioid consumption (mg/person) and the numbers of opioids included in EMLs, controlling for region, population, healthcare expenditure, life expectancy, gross domestic product, human development and corruption.Results Five opioids were included in the 20th edition of the WHO’s Model List of Essential Medicines: codeine, fentanyl, loperamide, methadone and morphine. …”
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