The authenticity of the letter of ‘Abd Allâh b. Ibâḍ to ‘Abd al-Malik by Wilferd Madelung

“…In his recent book on Ibadism, John Wilkinson has argued that the letter was addressed to ‘Abd al-Malik, the son of the caliph ‘Umar II, and that Jâbir b. Zayd could not have been its author. …”
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KESADARAN HERMENEUTIK DALAM MEMBACA TEKS: MODEL IJTIHAD UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB by Alma'arif

“…Umar ibn al-Khattab was one of the most controversial caliphs. He was a caliph that was courageous or "disobedient" to the text of Alqur’an and Sunnah literally. …”
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MODEL PENDIDIKAN KHULAFAUR RASYIDUN DAN IMPELEMENTASINYA BAGI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA by Riptono Riptono, Syamsul Bakri, Yusup Rohmadi

“…Abu Bakr as the first caliph to replace the Prophet Muhammad taught the educational model in the form of faith and moral education. …”
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La rançon du serment by Mathieu Tillier, Naïm Vanthieghem

“…The document, which dates from the reign of caliph al-Ḥākim, records an amicable settlement between a Muslim and a Christian regarding repayment of a debt. …”
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Les Fatimides et le Maghreb central : littoralisation de la dynastie et modes de contrôle des territoires by Allaoua Amara

“…A theological reform was necessary in order to define a posteriori the first ismaili centers as “territories of exile” (dār al-hijra) and to give legitimation to the imperial aims of the caliphs. This withdrawal from the Central Maghreb does not mean however that the Fatimids abandonned the region, in which they had to develop several modalities of territorial control. …”
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The Election and Invitation in al-Hâdavî Zaydism ABSTRAcT by Zeyd B. Ali El-vezir

“…It is stressed in the article that al-Hadi ilâ al-Haqq, the caliph between 284298/897-911, comes to power by election and he is appointed as Imam in order to accomplish the duty of ordering the right and refraining people from the wrong as well as ruling with ‘ the Book.’ …”
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Politico-Theological Debates in Ghadames between the 1770s and the 1850s from a Global Perspective by Kerem Duymus

“…The particular geographical location of Ghadames, situated between two prominent states—Morocco and the Ottoman Empire—each with their respective caliphal claims, has historically enabled the scholars of the city to formulate and substantiate their own political stances. …”
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al-Masa’il al-Nahwiyyah (Dirasah Taqabuliyyah Baina Madrasah al-Bashrah wa al-Kufah) by Roviin Roviin

“…The emergence of many of these irregularities led to the need to preserve the originality of the Arabic language, and Abu al-Aswad al-Duwali was the first who establish Arabic grammar on the orders of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib. After Abu al-Aswad al-Duwali, emerging famous grammars were divided into madrasa of Bashra and Kufa, each madrasa had characteristics and differences. …”
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KONSEP PENGENALAN ALLAH (MA’RIFATULLAH) IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM by Hasbiyallah Hasbiyallah, Mahli Nurul Ihsan

“…The implications of Ma’rifatullah in Islamic education include: a) Ma’rifatullah as a basic education of Islam to increase morale and students, b) Recognizing the Duties and Responsibilities of Students as Abdullah, c) Ma’rifatullah As awareness of the duties and roles of students as Caliph on earth, d) Reach Ridho Allah as the Main Purpose of Islamic education and e) Ma’rifatullah as Noble Moral Education for Students.…”
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PREVENTION OF INFERIORITY COMPLEX ATTITUDES ACCORDING TO THE QUR'AN by A Asnawiyah, Abd Wahid, Nurullah Amri, Muhammad Hadi Husni

“…Man as a caliph on earth was created by Allah in perfect form, but man is never free from emotional challenges such as the inferiority complex, which can hinder his spiritual and social development. …”
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The Approach of Tajdid’s Umar bin Abdul Aziz Rah. Through the Institution of al-Mazalim in Dealing with the issues of Deviation and Misappropriation by Hamidi Abdul Ghani, Abdul Azib Hussain, Nurul Akma Mohamed

“…In the annals of Islamic history, Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz Rah. stands out as a renowned figure who successfully eliminated the misconduct exhibited by government officials and reinstated the rights of the populace that had been unlawfully seized. …”
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Kontribusi Mazhab Teologis Mu'tazilah Dalam Perkembangan Sastra Arab Era Aabbasiyah Studi Analisis Kritis Historis by Zulhelmi Zulhelmi, Hajjah Rafidah binti Haji Abdullah, Shuhaida Hanim binti Mohamad Suhane, Ashwaq Ismail S Batubara, Ashwaq Ismail S Batubara, Delami

“…The reason for focusing on the Abbasid period is that during this time, the Mu'tazilah held a special place in the royal court, with Caliph al-Ma'mun even making Mu'tazilah the official ideology of the kingdom. …”
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Discourse Structure Analysis of Hasanak-e-Vazir’s Hanging Tale: A Study based on Van Dijk’s (2007) Socio-Cognitive Approach by Nader Abyar, Mousa Ghonchepour, Zahra Iranmanesh

“…The “us” group includes Bayhaqi, Hasank-e-vazir, Khaje Meymandi, the wise, and ordinary people, while the “them” group comprises Busahl Suzani, Sultan Mahmud, Ali Rayez, and the Baghdad Caliph. The “us” group is portrayed positively, whereas the “them” group is depicted negatively. …”
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