Electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve restores inspiratory diaphragm function in mice after spinal cord injury by Ian Walling, Ian Walling, Sarah Baumgartner, Mitesh Patel, Steven A. Crone, Steven A. Crone, Steven A. Crone

“…IntroductionSpinal cord injury in the high cervical cord can impair breathing due to disruption of pathways between brainstem respiratory centers and respiratory motor neurons in the spinal cord. …”
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Regression-Based Classification of the Middle-Latency Auditory-Evoked Potentials in Vestibular Migraine and Concussion Patients with Dizziness by Carolina Beppi, Daniel Agostino, Antonella Palla, Nina Feddermann-Demont, Julia Dlugaiczyk, Dominik Straumann

“…Background/Objectives: The auditory middle-latency responses (AMLRs) assess central sensory processing beyond the brainstem and serve as a measure of sensory gating. …”
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MOG associated autoimmune encephalomyelitis with active disease dynamic in imaging examinations and minimal clinical manifestation by E. Tilindytė, I. Muliuolis, R. Samaitienė

“…MOG spectrum disorders include the following pathologies: optic neuritis, myelitis, brain or brainstem encephalitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. …”
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Acquired hypothyroidism, iodine status and hearing impairment in adults: A pilot study. by Tereza Grimmichova, Ludmila Verespejova, Zuzana Urbaniova, Martin Chovanec, Martin Hill, Radovan Bilek

“…The hearing examination included a subjective complaint assessment, otomicroscopy, tympanometry, transitory otoacoustic emission (TOAE), tone audiometry, and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BERA) examinations. …”
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Acoustic Trauma Changes the Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons in Rat Auditory Cortex by Congli Liu, Tao Xu, Xiaopeng Liu, Yina Huang, Haitao Wang, Bin Luo, Jingwu Sun

“…Noise exposure elevated the auditory brainstem response threshold of the exposed ear when examined 7 days later. …”
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A realistic human head phantom for electromagnetic detection of brain diseases by Zelin Bai, Diyou Chen, Ke Ma, Gui Jin, Jinlong Qiu, Quanquan Li, Haocheng Li, Mingsheng Chen

“…This article combines high-precision computed tomography (CT) images and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to establish an electromagnetic numerical model of the human head with a real anatomical structure. (1) It had Asian characteristics and encompassed 14 different structures, including skin, muscles, cranial bones, cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral veins, cerebral arteries, gray matter, white matter of the brain, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, eyeballs, and vertebrae. (2) The model used a combination of 0.625 mm-resolution CT and 1 mm-resolution MRI image data for reconstruction, with a smooth surface and high accuracy. (3) Within the simulation environment, this model enabled the generation of various brain disease scenarios, such as different types and degrees of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia. …”
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Delayed Speech Dengan dan Tanpa Gangguan Pendengaran pada Anak Usia 6 Bulan sampai 3 Tahun di Jala Puspa RSPAL Dr. Ramelan Surabaya Periode 2017-2020 by Anthony Stephen Halim, Edward Limantara, Wienta Diarsvitri

“…The presence or absence of hearing loss was examined using Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA), and the degree of hearing loss was examined using Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) test. …”
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Superficial Siderosis and Anticoagulation Therapy: Different Presentations, Different Outcomes by Rui Duarte Barreto, Luís Ruano, Vítor Tedim Cruz, Carlos Veira, Paula Coutinho

“…Magnetic resonance imaging showed striking hypointensities along the surfaces of cerebellum, brainstem, frontotemporal cortices, spinal cord, and lumbar arachnoid therefore suggesting superficial siderosis. …”
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CARP VIII antibody-related autoimmune cerebellar ataxia in a child after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: a case report by Minglei Li, Zongming Han, Jinlei Li, Qianyun Wang, Zufang Lv

“…The cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early stage of the disease (within three months) does not show significant atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem; 3. presence of either of the following: 1) positive anti-cerebellar antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid cell-based assay (CBA), 2) at least two of the following are present: ① the patient or first-degree relative has a history of autoimmune disease, ② cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes >5×106/L, or positive for cerebrospinal fluid specific oligoclonal bands, ③ tissue-based assay (TBA) revealing the characteristic fluorescent form of Purkinje cell antibody, and ④ the presence of systemic autoimmune disease-related antibodies; and 4. the absence of other diseases. …”
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Female mice lacking GluA3 show early onset of hearing loss, cochlear synaptopathy, and afferent terminal swellings in ambient sound levels by Indra Pal, Atri Bhattacharyya, Babak V-Ghaffari, Essence Devine Williams, Maolei Xiao, Mark Allen Rutherford, María Eulalia Rubio

“…Here, we studied the role of X-linked Gria3 in cochlear function and synapse anatomy in females. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were similar in 3-week-old female Gria3WT and Gria3KO mice raised in quiet. …”
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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis by J. Čemerkaitė, I. Kaukėnaitė, R. Liutkevičienė

“…Clinical manifestations of the disease depend on lesions in those areas of the CNS where AQP4 is most pronounced: spinal cord, optic nerves, dorsal medulla, brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Initially, NMOSD typically presents with optic neuritis or transverse myelitis, or, less commonly, a combination of both. …”
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Maturation of the GABAergic Transmission in Normal and Pathologic Motoneurons by Anne-Emilie Allain, Hervé Le Corronc, Alain Delpy, William Cazenave, Pierre Meyrand, Pascal Legendre, Pascal Branchereau

“…In the present paper, we concentrate on brainstem and spinal motoneurons that are largely targeted by GABAergic interneurons, and we bring together data on the switch from excitatory to inhibitory effects of GABA, on the maturation of the GABAergic system and GABAAR subunits. …”
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Identification of a metabolic brain network characterizing essential tremor by Solange Volnov, Hamzah Baagil, Oliver Winz, Hans-Juergen Kaiser, Sanne Katherina Meles, Joerg Bernhard Schulz, Kathrin Reetz, Felix Manuel Mottaghy, Florian Holtbernd

“…The ET related metabolic spatial covariance pattern (ETRP) was characterized by relatively increased metabolism in the cerebellum, brainstem, and temporo-occipital cortices, accompanied by relative metabolic decreases mainly in fronto-temporal and motor cortices. …”
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Effect of Right Median Nerve Stimulation on Clinical Efficacy and Prognosis of Patients with Consciousness Disorder Caused by Traumatic Brain Injury by Kun ZHAO, Aixian LIU

“…After treatment, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), mean blood flow velocity (VM), blood flow velocity (VS), electroencephalogram (EEG) score, auditory brainstem response (ABR), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) increased in both groups (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05), and the above indexes in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). …”
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Compensation of Vestibular Function and Plasticity of Vestibular Nucleus after Unilateral Cochleostomy by Myung-Whan Suh, Jaihwan Hyun, Ah-Ra Lyu, Dong Woon Kim, Sung Jae Park, Jin Woong Choi, Gang Min Hur, Yong-Ho Park

“…Twenty-seven Sprague Dawley rats underwent cochleostomy to evaluate the postoperative changes in hearing threshold, gain and symmetry of the vestibular ocular response, overall balance function, number of hair cells in the crista, and the c-Fos activity in the brainstem vestibular nucleus. Loss of vestibular function was observed during the early stages, but function recovered partially over time. …”
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Current Status of Treatment of Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy by Fumiaki Tanaka, Masahisa Katsuno, Haruhiko Banno, Keisuke Suzuki, Hiroaki Adachi, Gen Sobue

“…Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is the first member identified among polyglutamine diseases characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy of the bulbar, facial, and limb muscles pathologically associated with motor neuron loss in the spinal cord and brainstem. Androgen receptor (AR), a disease-causing protein of SBMA, is a well-characterized ligand-activated transcription factor, and androgen binding induces nuclear translocation, conformational change and recruitment of coregulators for transactivation of AR target genes. …”
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Decreased Gray Matter Volume in the Frontal Cortex of Migraine Patients with Associated Functional Connectivity Alterations: A VBM and rs-FC Study by Zhijian Cao, Wenjing Yu, Zhengxiang Zhang, Maosheng Xu, Jiangnan Lin, Luping Zhang, Wenwen Song

“…In addition, the cerebellum may modulate the pathophysiology of migraines by serving as a communication point between the cortex and the brainstem.…”
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Graphene oxide scaffolds promote functional improvements mediated by scaffold-invading axons in thoracic transected rats by Marta Zaforas, Esther Benayas, Raquel Madroñero-Mariscal, Ana Domínguez-Bajo, Elena Fernández-López, Yasmina Hernández-Martín, Ankor González-Mayorga, Elena Alonso-Calviño, Eduardo R. Hernández, Elisa López-Dolado, Juliana M. Rosa, Juan Aguilar, María C. Serrano

“…Electrophysiological recordings from brainstem regions show antidromic activation of a small population of neurons in response to electrical stimulation caudal to the injury. …”
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Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a young male with IgA nephropathy and chronic kidney disease: a case report from the Maldives by Rajib Kumar Dey, Gunjan Khadka, Shifa Ishaq, Aishath Zeena Abdul Jaleel, Aminath Shafeenaz Moosa, Saifullah Muslim, Ali Nazeem

“…However, involvement of a non-posterior distribution, mainly in watershed areas, including within the frontal, inferior temporal, cerebellar, and brainstem regions, has been reported. Case presentation This case report discusses a case of a 27-year-old male with underlying IgA nephropathy, who presented with generalized throbbing headache, along with 1-day history of nausea and vomiting. …”
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NADPH Oxidase 2-Mediated Insult in the Auditory Cortex of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats by Zheng-De Du, Wei Wei, Shukui Yu, Qing-Ling Song, Ke Liu, Shu-Sheng Gong

“…In this study, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used as a T2DM rat model to observe ultrastructural alterations in the auditory cortex and investigate possible mechanisms underlying CAS damage in T2DM. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) of ZDF rats was found to be markedly elevated in low (8 kHz) and high (32 kHz) frequencies. …”
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