Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution

Abstract Cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks, rays, and skates) cannot see blue or violet light, potentially because they lack the shortwave-sensitive cone opsin gene (sws). Widespread gene loss can occur during evolution, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying sws loss remains unclear. Here, we...

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Main Authors: Bo Zhang, Yidong Feng, Meiqi Lv, Lei Jia, Yongguan Liao, Xiaoyan Xu, Axel Meyer, Jinsheng Sun, Guangyi Fan, Yumin Li, Yaolei Zhang, Na Zhao, Yunkai Li, Baolong Bao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62544-w
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author Bo Zhang
Yidong Feng
Meiqi Lv
Lei Jia
Yongguan Liao
Xiaoyan Xu
Axel Meyer
Jinsheng Sun
Guangyi Fan
Yumin Li
Yaolei Zhang
Na Zhao
Yunkai Li
Baolong Bao
author_facet Bo Zhang
Yidong Feng
Meiqi Lv
Lei Jia
Yongguan Liao
Xiaoyan Xu
Axel Meyer
Jinsheng Sun
Guangyi Fan
Yumin Li
Yaolei Zhang
Na Zhao
Yunkai Li
Baolong Bao
author_sort Bo Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks, rays, and skates) cannot see blue or violet light, potentially because they lack the shortwave-sensitive cone opsin gene (sws). Widespread gene loss can occur during evolution, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying sws loss remains unclear. Here, we construct whole-genome assemblies of Okamejei kenojei (skate) and Prionace glauca (blue shark). We then analyze the distribution characteristics and intragroup differences of opsin-related genes in cartilaginous fishes. Using a zebrafish model with sws deleted we infer that in the presence of SWS1 and SWS2, blue and violet light respectively, can induce cell aging. This is followed by photoreceptor layer thinning, demonstrating, sws loss aids in preventing shortwave light damage to the eye. In the retinas of numerous cartilaginous fishes, the tapetum lucidum strongly reflects light. Therefore, in cartilaginous fish, the existence of tapetum lucidum in the retina and loss of sws may be interdependent; in other words, this adaptive gene loss may increase cartilaginous fish fitness.
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spelling doaj-art-fde960674d0b4f2a99594810663b8ab12025-08-24T11:37:28ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-08-0116111410.1038/s41467-025-62544-wAdaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolutionBo Zhang0Yidong Feng1Meiqi Lv2Lei Jia3Yongguan Liao4Xiaoyan Xu5Axel Meyer6Jinsheng Sun7Guangyi Fan8Yumin Li9Yaolei Zhang10Na Zhao11Yunkai Li12Baolong Bao13International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityInternational Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityBGI ResearchTianjin Fisheries Research InstituteInternational Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityInternational Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityLehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of KonstanzTianjin Fisheries Research InstituteState Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGl Research ShenzhenInternational Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityBGI ResearchSouthern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory-ZhanjiangInternational Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityInternational Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityAbstract Cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks, rays, and skates) cannot see blue or violet light, potentially because they lack the shortwave-sensitive cone opsin gene (sws). Widespread gene loss can occur during evolution, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying sws loss remains unclear. Here, we construct whole-genome assemblies of Okamejei kenojei (skate) and Prionace glauca (blue shark). We then analyze the distribution characteristics and intragroup differences of opsin-related genes in cartilaginous fishes. Using a zebrafish model with sws deleted we infer that in the presence of SWS1 and SWS2, blue and violet light respectively, can induce cell aging. This is followed by photoreceptor layer thinning, demonstrating, sws loss aids in preventing shortwave light damage to the eye. In the retinas of numerous cartilaginous fishes, the tapetum lucidum strongly reflects light. Therefore, in cartilaginous fish, the existence of tapetum lucidum in the retina and loss of sws may be interdependent; in other words, this adaptive gene loss may increase cartilaginous fish fitness.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62544-w
spellingShingle Bo Zhang
Yidong Feng
Meiqi Lv
Lei Jia
Yongguan Liao
Xiaoyan Xu
Axel Meyer
Jinsheng Sun
Guangyi Fan
Yumin Li
Yaolei Zhang
Na Zhao
Yunkai Li
Baolong Bao
Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
Nature Communications
title Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
title_full Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
title_fullStr Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
title_full_unstemmed Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
title_short Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
title_sort adaptive loss of shortwave sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62544-w
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