Protection and parameter optimization of one-way surge tower for water conveyance pipelines under complex terrain conditions

Abstract The water hammer protection mechanisms for long-distance gravity-fed water transmission systems under complex terrain conditions remain inadequate. Current engineering practices commonly face issues such as insufficient negative pressure protection efficiency in multiple undulating pipe sec...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Xiaoying Zhang, Chao Wang, Lin Li, Shaokang Bian
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06161-z
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