Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample
BackgroundThe Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a popular tool for assessing depressive symptoms in both general and clinical populations. The present study used a large representative sample of the German adult population to confirm desired psychometric functioning and to provide updated popu...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782/full |
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| author | Sören Kliem Cedric Sachser Anna Lohmann Dirk Baier Elmar Brähler Elmar Brähler Harald Gündel Jörg M. Fegert |
| author_facet | Sören Kliem Cedric Sachser Anna Lohmann Dirk Baier Elmar Brähler Elmar Brähler Harald Gündel Jörg M. Fegert |
| author_sort | Sören Kliem |
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| description | BackgroundThe Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a popular tool for assessing depressive symptoms in both general and clinical populations. The present study used a large representative sample of the German adult population to confirm desired psychometric functioning and to provide updated population norms.MethodsThe following psychometric properties were assessed: (i) Item characteristics (item means, standard deviations and inter-item correlations), (ii) Construct validity (correlations of the PHQ-9 sum-score with scores obtained from instruments assessing depression, anxiety and somatization (GAD-7, BSI-18), (iii) Internal consistency (coefficient omega), (iv) Factorial validity (via confirmatory factor analysis of the assumed one factorial model) as well as (v) Measurement invariance (via multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across gender, age, income and education).ResultsThe study found that the PHQ-9 had sound psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and construct validity, and that measurements obtained with the tool could be compared across gender and age.LimitationsDespite using a representative sample, the response rate was only 42.6%. Furthermore, diagnostic efficiency cannot be assessed as there were no clinical interviews conducted. Conclusion: The updated population based norms, which are presented for the total sample as well as separated by gender and various age-groups, provide a useful reference for clinical practice and epidemiological research. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fbf2a9c543344543b2ed52ae52970a3f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-fbf2a9c543344543b2ed52ae52970a3f2024-12-12T15:24:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402024-12-011510.3389/fpsyt.2024.14837821483782Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sampleSören Kliem0Cedric Sachser1Anna Lohmann2Dirk Baier3Elmar Brähler4Elmar Brähler5Harald Gündel6Jörg M. Fegert7Department of Social Welfare, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena - University of Applied Sciences, Jena, GermanyDepartment for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Social Welfare, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena - University of Applied Sciences, Jena, GermanyInstitute of Delinquency and Crime Prevention, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDepartment for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Ulm, Ulm, GermanyBackgroundThe Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a popular tool for assessing depressive symptoms in both general and clinical populations. The present study used a large representative sample of the German adult population to confirm desired psychometric functioning and to provide updated population norms.MethodsThe following psychometric properties were assessed: (i) Item characteristics (item means, standard deviations and inter-item correlations), (ii) Construct validity (correlations of the PHQ-9 sum-score with scores obtained from instruments assessing depression, anxiety and somatization (GAD-7, BSI-18), (iii) Internal consistency (coefficient omega), (iv) Factorial validity (via confirmatory factor analysis of the assumed one factorial model) as well as (v) Measurement invariance (via multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across gender, age, income and education).ResultsThe study found that the PHQ-9 had sound psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and construct validity, and that measurements obtained with the tool could be compared across gender and age.LimitationsDespite using a representative sample, the response rate was only 42.6%. Furthermore, diagnostic efficiency cannot be assessed as there were no clinical interviews conducted. Conclusion: The updated population based norms, which are presented for the total sample as well as separated by gender and various age-groups, provide a useful reference for clinical practice and epidemiological research.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782/fullPHQ-9major depressionself-report questionnairepopulation normspsychometricsmeasurement invariance |
| spellingShingle | Sören Kliem Cedric Sachser Anna Lohmann Dirk Baier Elmar Brähler Elmar Brähler Harald Gündel Jörg M. Fegert Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample Frontiers in Psychiatry PHQ-9 major depression self-report questionnaire population norms psychometrics measurement invariance |
| title | Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample |
| title_full | Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample |
| title_fullStr | Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample |
| title_short | Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample |
| title_sort | psychometric evaluation and community norms of the phq 9 based on a representative german sample |
| topic | PHQ-9 major depression self-report questionnaire population norms psychometrics measurement invariance |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782/full |
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