Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus

The goal of this paper is to analyse the optionality and gradience observed in the syntactic distribution of information focus in three Romance languages: Catalan, Spanish and Italian. While the postverbal position is preferred in the three languages, the preverbal position is also acceptable to so...

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Main Authors: Silvio Cruschina, Laia Mayol
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2025-05-01
Series:Isogloss
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Online Access:https://revistes.uab.cat/isogloss/article/view/547
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author Silvio Cruschina
Laia Mayol
author_facet Silvio Cruschina
Laia Mayol
author_sort Silvio Cruschina
collection DOAJ
description The goal of this paper is to analyse the optionality and gradience observed in the syntactic distribution of information focus in three Romance languages: Catalan, Spanish and Italian. While the postverbal position is preferred in the three languages, the preverbal position is also acceptable to some extent, depending on the combination of language and grammatical function of the focus. It is more acceptable in Spanish and less so in Italian, Catalan being in the middle. In addition, while Catalan is insensitive to the grammatical function of the focus, in both Spanish and Italian preverbal subjects are rated higher than preverbal objects. These asymmetries are reminiscent of Leonetti’s dichotomy between restrictive and permissive languages, the former imposing a straightforward mapping between syntax and information structure and the later not doing so.  We propose an OT model that is able to provide a deeper characterization of this dichotomy, as well as account for the gradient acceptability judgements, based on internal grammar and interface principles. Casted as weighted soft constraints, they do not cause ungrammaticality when violated, but the greater their weight, the more unacceptable their violation becomes, which can explain the observed patterns. 
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spelling doaj-art-fac50e94b65c47ab9e17d16a3c9680d72025-08-20T03:47:41ZengUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaIsogloss2385-41382025-05-0111110.5565/rev/isogloss.547Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus Silvio Cruschina0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-8232Laia Mayolhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-816XUniversity of Helsinki The goal of this paper is to analyse the optionality and gradience observed in the syntactic distribution of information focus in three Romance languages: Catalan, Spanish and Italian. While the postverbal position is preferred in the three languages, the preverbal position is also acceptable to some extent, depending on the combination of language and grammatical function of the focus. It is more acceptable in Spanish and less so in Italian, Catalan being in the middle. In addition, while Catalan is insensitive to the grammatical function of the focus, in both Spanish and Italian preverbal subjects are rated higher than preverbal objects. These asymmetries are reminiscent of Leonetti’s dichotomy between restrictive and permissive languages, the former imposing a straightforward mapping between syntax and information structure and the later not doing so.  We propose an OT model that is able to provide a deeper characterization of this dichotomy, as well as account for the gradient acceptability judgements, based on internal grammar and interface principles. Casted as weighted soft constraints, they do not cause ungrammaticality when violated, but the greater their weight, the more unacceptable their violation becomes, which can explain the observed patterns.  https://revistes.uab.cat/isogloss/article/view/547information structureinformation focusword orderalternative spelloutsoft constraints
spellingShingle Silvio Cruschina
Laia Mayol
Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
Isogloss
information structure
information focus
word order
alternative spellout
soft constraints
title Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
title_full Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
title_fullStr Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
title_full_unstemmed Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
title_short Gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
title_sort gradience and optionality in the syntactic realization of focus
topic information structure
information focus
word order
alternative spellout
soft constraints
url https://revistes.uab.cat/isogloss/article/view/547
work_keys_str_mv AT silviocruschina gradienceandoptionalityinthesyntacticrealizationoffocus
AT laiamayol gradienceandoptionalityinthesyntacticrealizationoffocus