Closed-Loop Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Pain Management: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Perspectives

Closed-Loop Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Pain Management: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Perspectives

<b>Background:</b> Chronic pain remains a major clinical challenge, which is often resistant to conventional treatments. Spinal cord stimulation has been used for decades to manage refractory pain, traditionally relying on open-loop systems with fixed-output stimulation. However, these s...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Nicholas Mangano, Andrew Torpey, Catherine Devitt, George A. Wen, Christopher Doh, Abhishek Gupta
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Biomedicines
Subjects:
closed-loop spinal cord stimulation
spinal cord stimulation
chronic pain
lower back pain
neuromodulation
evoked compound action potentials
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/5/1091
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