Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India
Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the primary causes of mortality worldwide. Dyslipidaemia is associated with the development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). Atherogenic indices are emerging lipid parameters related to atherosclerosis and CAD. There is a limite...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
2024-12-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/20358/74538_CE[Ra1]_F(IS)_QC(AN_SS)_PF1(VD_SS)_PFA(KM)_PB(IS)_PN(IS).pdf |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1846134726239191040 |
|---|---|
| author | Niketa Ashem Laikangbam Shaini Thokchom Sachindeba Singh Priya Laikhuram Nikkita Laishram Ongchu Phom N Penjei Konyak Sangeeta Chongtham |
| author_facet | Niketa Ashem Laikangbam Shaini Thokchom Sachindeba Singh Priya Laikhuram Nikkita Laishram Ongchu Phom N Penjei Konyak Sangeeta Chongtham |
| author_sort | Niketa Ashem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the primary causes of mortality worldwide. Dyslipidaemia is associated with the development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). Atherogenic indices are emerging lipid parameters related to atherosclerosis and CAD. There is a limited amount of data regarding the relationship between CAD severity, serum testosterone, and lipid indices, especially in the northeastern region of India.
Aim: To determine the relationship between serum testosterone and atherogenic indices as independent risk factors for the severity of CAD.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Cardiology at the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India, from January 2021 to October 2022, consisting of 70 male patients with CAD who underwent coronary angiography and 70 male patients without CAD. Serum total and free Testosterone (TT and fT), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High-density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) were assessed. Atherogenic indices, including the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Atherogenic Index (AI), and Castelli Risk Indices I and II (CRI-I and II), as well as the Triglyceride Glucose Index (TyG), were calculated using conventional lipid parameters and glucose, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of the atherogenic indices and testosterone with the severity of CAD.
Results: The mean age was found to be 63.4±11.8 years in cases and 60.8±9.1 years in controls. The median (interquartile range) of AI was 5.03 (4.2, 5.9) vs 3.04 (2.2, 3.6), p<0.001; AIP was 0.39 (0.36, 0.44) vs 0.14 (0.006, 0.24), p<0.001; CRI-I was 6.03 (5.22, 6.91) vs 4.04 (3.2, 4.61), p<0.001; CRI-II was 3.91 (3.3, 4.7) vs 2.31 (1.6, 2.78), p<0.001; and the TyG index was 4.84 (4.68, 4.96) vs 3.82 (3.7, 3.9), p<0.001. These values were significantly higher in the CAD group compared to the non CAD group. Total Testosterone (TT) was 2.05±1.1 ng/mL vs 4.93±0.65 ng/mL, p<0.001, and fT was (3.6±2.6 vs 15.7±4.7, p<0.001) were significantly lower in cases compared to controls. The Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that AI (r=0.446, p<0.001), AIP (r=0.518, p<0.001), CRI-I (r=0.446, p<0.001), CRI-II (r=0.406, p=0.001), TGL/HDL-C (r=0.502, p<0.001), and the TyG index (r=0.305, p<0.010) were positively correlated with the Gensini score. The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that AI (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.70-5.57, p<0.001), AIP (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.84-3.78, p<0.001), CRI-I (OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.65-5.57, p<0.001), CRI-II (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.64-6.10, p<0.001), and TyG (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.01-1.98, p=0.009) were independent risk predictors of the severity of CAD after adjustment for confounders. Additionally, TT (OR: 1.417, CI: 1.24-1.70) and fT (OR: 1.67, CI: 1.12-1.98) were also found to be independent risk predictors of the severity of CAD.
Conclusion: The AI, AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, TyG, TT, and fT were independent predictors of the severity of CAD and could serve as potential biomarkers for CAD risk assessment. To specifically explain the diagnostic use of these novel indices in the early diagnosis of ASCVDs and CAD incidence, long-term prospective cohort surveys must be designed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f86d674c4a04420c9f086a4a43b3dc5d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2249-782X 0973-709X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-f86d674c4a04420c9f086a4a43b3dc5d2024-12-09T11:53:02ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2024-12-0118120105 10.7860/JCDR/2024/74538.20358Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of IndiaNiketa Ashem0Laikangbam Shaini1Thokchom Sachindeba Singh2Priya Laikhuram3Nikkita Laishram4Ongchu Phom5N Penjei Konyak6Sangeeta Chongtham7Senior Resident, Department of Biochemistry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Professor, Department of Cardiology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Senior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Biochemistry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Biochemistry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Biochemistry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Biochemistry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the primary causes of mortality worldwide. Dyslipidaemia is associated with the development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). Atherogenic indices are emerging lipid parameters related to atherosclerosis and CAD. There is a limited amount of data regarding the relationship between CAD severity, serum testosterone, and lipid indices, especially in the northeastern region of India. Aim: To determine the relationship between serum testosterone and atherogenic indices as independent risk factors for the severity of CAD. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Cardiology at the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India, from January 2021 to October 2022, consisting of 70 male patients with CAD who underwent coronary angiography and 70 male patients without CAD. Serum total and free Testosterone (TT and fT), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High-density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) were assessed. Atherogenic indices, including the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Atherogenic Index (AI), and Castelli Risk Indices I and II (CRI-I and II), as well as the Triglyceride Glucose Index (TyG), were calculated using conventional lipid parameters and glucose, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of the atherogenic indices and testosterone with the severity of CAD. Results: The mean age was found to be 63.4±11.8 years in cases and 60.8±9.1 years in controls. The median (interquartile range) of AI was 5.03 (4.2, 5.9) vs 3.04 (2.2, 3.6), p<0.001; AIP was 0.39 (0.36, 0.44) vs 0.14 (0.006, 0.24), p<0.001; CRI-I was 6.03 (5.22, 6.91) vs 4.04 (3.2, 4.61), p<0.001; CRI-II was 3.91 (3.3, 4.7) vs 2.31 (1.6, 2.78), p<0.001; and the TyG index was 4.84 (4.68, 4.96) vs 3.82 (3.7, 3.9), p<0.001. These values were significantly higher in the CAD group compared to the non CAD group. Total Testosterone (TT) was 2.05±1.1 ng/mL vs 4.93±0.65 ng/mL, p<0.001, and fT was (3.6±2.6 vs 15.7±4.7, p<0.001) were significantly lower in cases compared to controls. The Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that AI (r=0.446, p<0.001), AIP (r=0.518, p<0.001), CRI-I (r=0.446, p<0.001), CRI-II (r=0.406, p=0.001), TGL/HDL-C (r=0.502, p<0.001), and the TyG index (r=0.305, p<0.010) were positively correlated with the Gensini score. The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that AI (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.70-5.57, p<0.001), AIP (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.84-3.78, p<0.001), CRI-I (OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.65-5.57, p<0.001), CRI-II (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.64-6.10, p<0.001), and TyG (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.01-1.98, p=0.009) were independent risk predictors of the severity of CAD after adjustment for confounders. Additionally, TT (OR: 1.417, CI: 1.24-1.70) and fT (OR: 1.67, CI: 1.12-1.98) were also found to be independent risk predictors of the severity of CAD. Conclusion: The AI, AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, TyG, TT, and fT were independent predictors of the severity of CAD and could serve as potential biomarkers for CAD risk assessment. To specifically explain the diagnostic use of these novel indices in the early diagnosis of ASCVDs and CAD incidence, long-term prospective cohort surveys must be designed.https://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/20358/74538_CE[Ra1]_F(IS)_QC(AN_SS)_PF1(VD_SS)_PFA(KM)_PB(IS)_PN(IS).pdfatherogenic index of plasmacastelli risktriglyceride glucose index |
| spellingShingle | Niketa Ashem Laikangbam Shaini Thokchom Sachindeba Singh Priya Laikhuram Nikkita Laishram Ongchu Phom N Penjei Konyak Sangeeta Chongtham Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research atherogenic index of plasma castelli risk triglyceride glucose index |
| title | Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India |
| title_full | Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India |
| title_fullStr | Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India |
| title_short | Serum Testosterone and Atherogenic Indices as an independent Risk Factor for Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study from North Eastern Region of India |
| title_sort | serum testosterone and atherogenic indices as an independent risk factor for predicting the severity of coronary artery disease a cross sectional study from north eastern region of india |
| topic | atherogenic index of plasma castelli risk triglyceride glucose index |
| url | https://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/20358/74538_CE[Ra1]_F(IS)_QC(AN_SS)_PF1(VD_SS)_PFA(KM)_PB(IS)_PN(IS).pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT niketaashem serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT laikangbamshaini serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT thokchomsachindebasingh serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT priyalaikhuram serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT nikkitalaishram serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT ongchuphom serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT npenjeikonyak serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia AT sangeetachongtham serumtestosteroneandatherogenicindicesasanindependentriskfactorforpredictingtheseverityofcoronaryarterydiseaseacrosssectionalstudyfromnortheasternregionofindia |