Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
Objective This study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Ethiopia.Participants Household heads.Primary outcomes Access to improved drinking water sources and toile...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2021-03-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/3/e042071.full |
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| author | Zewudu Andualem Henok Dagne Baye Dagnew Yigizie Yeshaw Atalay Goshu Muluneh Zelalem Nigussie Azene Asefa Adimasu Taddese Roman Fisseha |
| author_facet | Zewudu Andualem Henok Dagne Baye Dagnew Yigizie Yeshaw Atalay Goshu Muluneh Zelalem Nigussie Azene Asefa Adimasu Taddese Roman Fisseha |
| author_sort | Zewudu Andualem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective This study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Ethiopia.Participants Household heads.Primary outcomes Access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.Methods We conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.Results The proportions of households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.Conclusion The study found that the proportions of households’ access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f4dec417a3e14f50ae8392dee7b7fe36 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open |
| spelling | doaj-art-f4dec417a3e14f50ae8392dee7b7fe362024-11-21T09:00:07ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552021-03-0111310.1136/bmjopen-2020-042071Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health SurveyZewudu Andualem0Henok Dagne1Baye Dagnew2Yigizie Yeshaw3Atalay Goshu Muluneh4Zelalem Nigussie Azene5Asefa Adimasu Taddese6Roman Fisseha7Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196 Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196 Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Women’s and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196 Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaObjective This study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Ethiopia.Participants Household heads.Primary outcomes Access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.Methods We conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.Results The proportions of households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.Conclusion The study found that the proportions of households’ access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/3/e042071.full |
| spellingShingle | Zewudu Andualem Henok Dagne Baye Dagnew Yigizie Yeshaw Atalay Goshu Muluneh Zelalem Nigussie Azene Asefa Adimasu Taddese Roman Fisseha Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey BMJ Open |
| title | Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey |
| title_full | Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey |
| title_fullStr | Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey |
| title_short | Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey |
| title_sort | households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in ethiopia a multilevel analysis based on 2016 ethiopian demographic and health survey |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/3/e042071.full |
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