Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia

Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aime...

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Main Authors: Fajar Setiawan, Tyas Mutiara Basuki, Budi Heru Santosa, Irfan Budi Pramono, Galdita Aruba Chulafak, Aldiano Rahmadya, Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: University of Brawijaya 2025-01-01
Series:Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
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Online Access:https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/16951
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author Fajar Setiawan
Tyas Mutiara Basuki
Budi Heru Santosa
Irfan Budi Pramono
Galdita Aruba Chulafak
Aldiano Rahmadya
Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada
author_facet Fajar Setiawan
Tyas Mutiara Basuki
Budi Heru Santosa
Irfan Budi Pramono
Galdita Aruba Chulafak
Aldiano Rahmadya
Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada
author_sort Fajar Setiawan
collection DOAJ
description Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to develop algorithms to estimate TSS using data derived from UAVs and field measurements. Remote sensing technology, such as unmanaged aerial vehicle (UAV), was applied to obtain imagery data to estimate TSS content. These results were then compared with laboratory analysis of in-situ water samples, determined by gravimetric methods following standard protocols. The results showed that the algorithm developed using three-band ratios, the blue/green + red/green + NIR (near infra red)/green, produces a high R2 (0.70), indicating that this combination is reliable for use in estimating TSS content in a river section. The high accuracy of the red band for suspended sediment prediction is attributed to its spectral signature in turbid water, which shows higher reflectance compared to clean water. The results of this study have the potential to help river managers obtain TSS data quickly at a relatively low cost.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2339-076X
2502-2458
language English
publishDate 2025-01-01
publisher University of Brawijaya
record_format Article
series Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
spelling doaj-art-f41800bd7f294e90a0a7ecc52a067e5c2025-01-01T01:04:12ZengUniversity of BrawijayaJournal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management2339-076X2502-24582025-01-01122737973810.15243/jdmlm.2025.122.737916953Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, IndonesiaFajar Setiawan0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-0067Tyas Mutiara Basuki1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1604Budi Heru Santosa2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-6821Irfan Budi Pramono3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-5600Galdita Aruba Chulafak4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2875-5152Aldiano Rahmadya5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8428-1780Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2355-6605Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Research Research Center for Geoinformatics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Sangkuriang, Dago, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung 40135, Indonesia Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to develop algorithms to estimate TSS using data derived from UAVs and field measurements. Remote sensing technology, such as unmanaged aerial vehicle (UAV), was applied to obtain imagery data to estimate TSS content. These results were then compared with laboratory analysis of in-situ water samples, determined by gravimetric methods following standard protocols. The results showed that the algorithm developed using three-band ratios, the blue/green + red/green + NIR (near infra red)/green, produces a high R2 (0.70), indicating that this combination is reliable for use in estimating TSS content in a river section. The high accuracy of the red band for suspended sediment prediction is attributed to its spectral signature in turbid water, which shows higher reflectance compared to clean water. The results of this study have the potential to help river managers obtain TSS data quickly at a relatively low cost.https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/16951algorithm remote sensing sedimentationsoil erosion
spellingShingle Fajar Setiawan
Tyas Mutiara Basuki
Budi Heru Santosa
Irfan Budi Pramono
Galdita Aruba Chulafak
Aldiano Rahmadya
Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada
Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
algorithm
remote sensing
sedimentation
soil erosion
title Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia
title_full Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia
title_fullStr Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia
title_full_unstemmed Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia
title_short Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia
title_sort developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids tss using unmanned aerial vehicle a case study in the upper citarum river indonesia
topic algorithm
remote sensing
sedimentation
soil erosion
url https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/16951
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