Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective

Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective

This study showcases an attached-biomass system based on twin-layer technology for cultivating <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> using municipal wastewater, equipped with a smart sensor system for the remote monitoring of operational parameters. From an industrial scale-up perspective, the syste...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Maria Rosa di Cicco, Simona Altieri, Antonio Spagnuolo, Claudia Ciniglia, Chiara Germinario, Silvio Bove, Antonio Masiello, Carmela Vetromile, Iolanda Galante, Carmine Lubritto
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
attached biomass
<i>Galdieria phlegrea</i>
EA-IRMS
SEM
smart monitoring
stable isotopes
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5220
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