Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective
This study showcases an attached-biomass system based on twin-layer technology for cultivating <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> using municipal wastewater, equipped with a smart sensor system for the remote monitoring of operational parameters. From an industrial scale-up perspective, the syste...
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2025-05-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5220 |
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| author | Maria Rosa di Cicco Simona Altieri Antonio Spagnuolo Claudia Ciniglia Chiara Germinario Silvio Bove Antonio Masiello Carmela Vetromile Iolanda Galante Carmine Lubritto |
| author_facet | Maria Rosa di Cicco Simona Altieri Antonio Spagnuolo Claudia Ciniglia Chiara Germinario Silvio Bove Antonio Masiello Carmela Vetromile Iolanda Galante Carmine Lubritto |
| author_sort | Maria Rosa di Cicco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study showcases an attached-biomass system based on twin-layer technology for cultivating <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> using municipal wastewater, equipped with a smart sensor system for the remote monitoring of operational parameters. From an industrial scale-up perspective, the system offers high scalability, with low impact and operating costs. Mathematical approximation modelling identified the optimal growth conditions across five experiments. The theoretical yield was estimated to reach 1 kg<sub>DW</sub>/m<sup>2</sup> of biomass within two months. Integrated use of isotopic mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric methods allowed us to study the metabolic strategies implemented by the algal community during the best growth condition at different resolutions, showing an increase in the nitrogen concentration over time and a favourable affinity of the organism for nitrogen species that are commonly present in the urban effluent. SEM studies showed a clean algal biofilm (free of foreign organisms), which could guarantee usage in the high economic potential market of biorefineries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f3ae927dbd0c421da8e615595ac39f67 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-f3ae927dbd0c421da8e615595ac39f672025-08-20T03:52:57ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-05-01159522010.3390/app15095220Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic PerspectiveMaria Rosa di Cicco0Simona Altieri1Antonio Spagnuolo2Claudia Ciniglia3Chiara Germinario4Silvio Bove5Antonio Masiello6Carmela Vetromile7Iolanda Galante8Carmine Lubritto9Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyEnergreenup S.r.l., Via Acquaviva 192, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Dei Mulini 59/a, 82100 Benevento, ItalyLaboratoire de Mathématiques Raphaël Salem, UMR 6085 CNRS, Université de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, B.P. 12, Technopôle du Madrillet, 76801 Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, FranceDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, ItalyThis study showcases an attached-biomass system based on twin-layer technology for cultivating <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> using municipal wastewater, equipped with a smart sensor system for the remote monitoring of operational parameters. From an industrial scale-up perspective, the system offers high scalability, with low impact and operating costs. Mathematical approximation modelling identified the optimal growth conditions across five experiments. The theoretical yield was estimated to reach 1 kg<sub>DW</sub>/m<sup>2</sup> of biomass within two months. Integrated use of isotopic mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric methods allowed us to study the metabolic strategies implemented by the algal community during the best growth condition at different resolutions, showing an increase in the nitrogen concentration over time and a favourable affinity of the organism for nitrogen species that are commonly present in the urban effluent. SEM studies showed a clean algal biofilm (free of foreign organisms), which could guarantee usage in the high economic potential market of biorefineries.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5220attached biomass<i>Galdieria phlegrea</i>EA-IRMSSEMsmart monitoringstable isotopes |
| spellingShingle | Maria Rosa di Cicco Simona Altieri Antonio Spagnuolo Claudia Ciniglia Chiara Germinario Silvio Bove Antonio Masiello Carmela Vetromile Iolanda Galante Carmine Lubritto Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective Applied Sciences attached biomass <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> EA-IRMS SEM smart monitoring stable isotopes |
| title | Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective |
| title_full | Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective |
| title_short | Sustainable Cultivation of <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> in an IoT-Integrated Twin-Layer Photobioreactor: System Design, Growth Dynamics, and Isotopic Perspective |
| title_sort | sustainable cultivation of i galdieria phlegrea i in an iot integrated twin layer photobioreactor system design growth dynamics and isotopic perspective |
| topic | attached biomass <i>Galdieria phlegrea</i> EA-IRMS SEM smart monitoring stable isotopes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5220 |
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