Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution

Abstract Background Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is an emerging treatment for peritoneal metastasis. Although its aerosol distribution is known to be inhomogeneous, quantitative assessment remains limited. This study introduces a novel approach to quantify the PIPAC drug...

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Main Authors: Qiming Fan, Renjie Li, Xiaosong Lin, Zifeng Yang, Yong Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-08-01
Series:Holistic Integrative Oncology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44178-025-00184-2
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author Qiming Fan
Renjie Li
Xiaosong Lin
Zifeng Yang
Yong Li
author_facet Qiming Fan
Renjie Li
Xiaosong Lin
Zifeng Yang
Yong Li
author_sort Qiming Fan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is an emerging treatment for peritoneal metastasis. Although its aerosol distribution is known to be inhomogeneous, quantitative assessment remains limited. This study introduces a novel approach to quantify the PIPAC drug distribution by integrating indocyanine green (ICG) with fluorescent laparoscopy. Methods The optimal ICG concentration (0.1–100 μg/mL) was determined via gray value calibration. Aerosolized ICG (5 μg/mL) was sprayed into an ex vivo box model containing four fresh swine peritoneal samples positioned as follows: (A) bottom directly opposite the nozzle, (B) obstructive bottom, (C) side wall, and (D) top. Fluorescence laparoscopy images were analyzed using ImageJ. Ex vivo validation included doxorubicin (DOX) aerosolization to measure penetration depth. In vivo distribution was assessed in the rabbit abdominal cavities. Results Sample A exhibited the highest ICG deposition (gray value: 219.6 ± 1.0), significantly exceeding samples B (107.4 ± 16.7, p < 0.0001), C (126.9 ± 14.9, p = 0.012), and D (124.4 ± 17.3, p = 0.002). DOX penetration depth was greatest in sample A (342.1 ± 47.3 μm), surpassing B (205.6 ± 38.9 μm, p < 0.0001), C (301.3 ± 36.8 μm, p = 0.002), and D (197.4 ± 47.8 μm, p < 0.0001). In rabbits, maximal ICG accumulation varied anatomically: the bladder (Rabbit 1: 198.1; Rabbit 3: 189.8) and left flank (Rabbit 2: 208.1) showed the highest values, with significant regional heterogeneity. Conclusions This study establishes a fluorescence-based method to quantitatively evaluate PIPAC distribution, demonstrating inhomogeneous drug deposition and penetration both ex vivo and in vivo. These findings highlight the potential of ICG-guided imaging to optimize therapeutic efficacy in clinical PIPAC applications.
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spelling doaj-art-f3119d9086e44e1caa2d0fb75e29fd372025-08-24T11:57:06ZengSpringerHolistic Integrative Oncology2731-45292025-08-014111010.1007/s44178-025-00184-2Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distributionQiming Fan0Renjie Li1Xiaosong Lin2Zifeng Yang3Yong Li4Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical UniversityAbstract Background Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is an emerging treatment for peritoneal metastasis. Although its aerosol distribution is known to be inhomogeneous, quantitative assessment remains limited. This study introduces a novel approach to quantify the PIPAC drug distribution by integrating indocyanine green (ICG) with fluorescent laparoscopy. Methods The optimal ICG concentration (0.1–100 μg/mL) was determined via gray value calibration. Aerosolized ICG (5 μg/mL) was sprayed into an ex vivo box model containing four fresh swine peritoneal samples positioned as follows: (A) bottom directly opposite the nozzle, (B) obstructive bottom, (C) side wall, and (D) top. Fluorescence laparoscopy images were analyzed using ImageJ. Ex vivo validation included doxorubicin (DOX) aerosolization to measure penetration depth. In vivo distribution was assessed in the rabbit abdominal cavities. Results Sample A exhibited the highest ICG deposition (gray value: 219.6 ± 1.0), significantly exceeding samples B (107.4 ± 16.7, p < 0.0001), C (126.9 ± 14.9, p = 0.012), and D (124.4 ± 17.3, p = 0.002). DOX penetration depth was greatest in sample A (342.1 ± 47.3 μm), surpassing B (205.6 ± 38.9 μm, p < 0.0001), C (301.3 ± 36.8 μm, p = 0.002), and D (197.4 ± 47.8 μm, p < 0.0001). In rabbits, maximal ICG accumulation varied anatomically: the bladder (Rabbit 1: 198.1; Rabbit 3: 189.8) and left flank (Rabbit 2: 208.1) showed the highest values, with significant regional heterogeneity. Conclusions This study establishes a fluorescence-based method to quantitatively evaluate PIPAC distribution, demonstrating inhomogeneous drug deposition and penetration both ex vivo and in vivo. These findings highlight the potential of ICG-guided imaging to optimize therapeutic efficacy in clinical PIPAC applications.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44178-025-00184-2Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapyDrug distributionIndocyanine greenFluorescence
spellingShingle Qiming Fan
Renjie Li
Xiaosong Lin
Zifeng Yang
Yong Li
Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
Holistic Integrative Oncology
Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy
Drug distribution
Indocyanine green
Fluorescence
title Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
title_full Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
title_fullStr Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
title_full_unstemmed Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
title_short Indocyanine green-activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging: a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
title_sort indocyanine green activated fluorescence laparoscopy imaging a novel quantitative assessment method for intraperitoneal aerosolized drug distribution
topic Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy
Drug distribution
Indocyanine green
Fluorescence
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44178-025-00184-2
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