Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), have been associated with clinical syndromes in swine, resulting in significant economic losses. To better understand the epidemiology and clinical relevance of PCV2 and PCV3, this study analyzed a da...

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Main Authors: Guilherme Cezar, Edison Magalhães, Kinath Rupasinghe, Srijita Chandra, Gustavo Silva, Marcelo Almeida, Bret Crim, Eric Burrough, Phillip Gauger, Christopher Siepker, Marta Mainenti, Michael Zeller, Eduardo Fano, Pablo Piñeyro, Rodger Main, Mary Thurn, Paulo Lages, Cesar Corzo, Albert Rovira, Hemant Naikare, Rob McGaughey, Franco Matias-Ferreyra, Jamie Retallick, Jordan Gebhardt, Jon Greseth, Darren Kersey, Travis Clement, Angela Pillatzki, Jane Christopher-Hennings, Melanie Prarat, Ashley Johnson, Dennis Summers, Craig Bowen, Joseph Boyle, Kenitra Hendrix, Andreia G Arruda, Daniel Linhares, Giovani Trevisan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2024-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311807
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author Guilherme Cezar
Edison Magalhães
Kinath Rupasinghe
Srijita Chandra
Gustavo Silva
Marcelo Almeida
Bret Crim
Eric Burrough
Phillip Gauger
Christopher Siepker
Marta Mainenti
Michael Zeller
Eduardo Fano
Pablo Piñeyro
Rodger Main
Mary Thurn
Paulo Lages
Cesar Corzo
Albert Rovira
Hemant Naikare
Rob McGaughey
Franco Matias-Ferreyra
Jamie Retallick
Jordan Gebhardt
Jon Greseth
Darren Kersey
Travis Clement
Angela Pillatzki
Jane Christopher-Hennings
Melanie Prarat
Ashley Johnson
Dennis Summers
Craig Bowen
Joseph Boyle
Kenitra Hendrix
Andreia G Arruda
Daniel Linhares
Giovani Trevisan
author_facet Guilherme Cezar
Edison Magalhães
Kinath Rupasinghe
Srijita Chandra
Gustavo Silva
Marcelo Almeida
Bret Crim
Eric Burrough
Phillip Gauger
Christopher Siepker
Marta Mainenti
Michael Zeller
Eduardo Fano
Pablo Piñeyro
Rodger Main
Mary Thurn
Paulo Lages
Cesar Corzo
Albert Rovira
Hemant Naikare
Rob McGaughey
Franco Matias-Ferreyra
Jamie Retallick
Jordan Gebhardt
Jon Greseth
Darren Kersey
Travis Clement
Angela Pillatzki
Jane Christopher-Hennings
Melanie Prarat
Ashley Johnson
Dennis Summers
Craig Bowen
Joseph Boyle
Kenitra Hendrix
Andreia G Arruda
Daniel Linhares
Giovani Trevisan
author_sort Guilherme Cezar
collection DOAJ
description Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), have been associated with clinical syndromes in swine, resulting in significant economic losses. To better understand the epidemiology and clinical relevance of PCV2 and PCV3, this study analyzed a dataset comprising diagnostic data from six veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) in the United States of America. The data comprised of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results, sample type, and age group for PCV2 and PCV3 submissions from 2002-2023. Findings indicated a decrease in the percentage of PCV2-positive submissions after introducing a commercial PCV2 vaccine in 2006 and a resurgence in positivity after 2018, particularly in breeding herds, associated with an increased number of submissions using processing fluid samples. After its first report in the U.S. in 2016, PCV3 detection had an upward trend in the percentage of positive cases, peaking in spring 2023. PCV3 detection was more frequent in adult/sow farms, while PCV2 was more frequently detected in the wean-to-market category. An additional analysis used results from tissue diagnostic data from 2019-2023 from one VDL to associate PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values with the probability of confirming a PCV2 or PCV3 disease diagnosis confirmation. An interpretative PCR Ct cutoff for PCV2 and PCV3 diagnoses was assessed based on the logistic regression model associating Ct values with the presence of tissue lesions. The analysis considered only cases tested for PCV2 and PCV3 by PCR with tissue evaluations by diagnosticians. An interpretative Ct cutoff of 22.4 for PCV2 was associated with a high probability of confirming a diagnosis of PCV2 clinical disease through histopathology. For PCV3, the interpretative cutoff with the highest performance was 26.7. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to monitor and understand the clinical relevance of PCV2 and PCV3 PCR results, identifying potential disease challenges.
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spelling doaj-art-f12a9b7078984ac384e0a38bd6349c0e2025-01-08T05:33:27ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032024-01-011912e031180710.1371/journal.pone.0311807Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.Guilherme CezarEdison MagalhãesKinath RupasingheSrijita ChandraGustavo SilvaMarcelo AlmeidaBret CrimEric BurroughPhillip GaugerChristopher SiepkerMarta MainentiMichael ZellerEduardo FanoPablo PiñeyroRodger MainMary ThurnPaulo LagesCesar CorzoAlbert RoviraHemant NaikareRob McGaugheyFranco Matias-FerreyraJamie RetallickJordan GebhardtJon GresethDarren KerseyTravis ClementAngela PillatzkiJane Christopher-HenningsMelanie PraratAshley JohnsonDennis SummersCraig BowenJoseph BoyleKenitra HendrixAndreia G ArrudaDaniel LinharesGiovani TrevisanPorcine circoviruses (PCVs), including porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), have been associated with clinical syndromes in swine, resulting in significant economic losses. To better understand the epidemiology and clinical relevance of PCV2 and PCV3, this study analyzed a dataset comprising diagnostic data from six veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) in the United States of America. The data comprised of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results, sample type, and age group for PCV2 and PCV3 submissions from 2002-2023. Findings indicated a decrease in the percentage of PCV2-positive submissions after introducing a commercial PCV2 vaccine in 2006 and a resurgence in positivity after 2018, particularly in breeding herds, associated with an increased number of submissions using processing fluid samples. After its first report in the U.S. in 2016, PCV3 detection had an upward trend in the percentage of positive cases, peaking in spring 2023. PCV3 detection was more frequent in adult/sow farms, while PCV2 was more frequently detected in the wean-to-market category. An additional analysis used results from tissue diagnostic data from 2019-2023 from one VDL to associate PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values with the probability of confirming a PCV2 or PCV3 disease diagnosis confirmation. An interpretative PCR Ct cutoff for PCV2 and PCV3 diagnoses was assessed based on the logistic regression model associating Ct values with the presence of tissue lesions. The analysis considered only cases tested for PCV2 and PCV3 by PCR with tissue evaluations by diagnosticians. An interpretative Ct cutoff of 22.4 for PCV2 was associated with a high probability of confirming a diagnosis of PCV2 clinical disease through histopathology. For PCV3, the interpretative cutoff with the highest performance was 26.7. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to monitor and understand the clinical relevance of PCV2 and PCV3 PCR results, identifying potential disease challenges.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311807
spellingShingle Guilherme Cezar
Edison Magalhães
Kinath Rupasinghe
Srijita Chandra
Gustavo Silva
Marcelo Almeida
Bret Crim
Eric Burrough
Phillip Gauger
Christopher Siepker
Marta Mainenti
Michael Zeller
Eduardo Fano
Pablo Piñeyro
Rodger Main
Mary Thurn
Paulo Lages
Cesar Corzo
Albert Rovira
Hemant Naikare
Rob McGaughey
Franco Matias-Ferreyra
Jamie Retallick
Jordan Gebhardt
Jon Greseth
Darren Kersey
Travis Clement
Angela Pillatzki
Jane Christopher-Hennings
Melanie Prarat
Ashley Johnson
Dennis Summers
Craig Bowen
Joseph Boyle
Kenitra Hendrix
Andreia G Arruda
Daniel Linhares
Giovani Trevisan
Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.
PLoS ONE
title Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.
title_full Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.
title_fullStr Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.
title_full_unstemmed Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.
title_short Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.
title_sort using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the united states from 2002 2023
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311807
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