Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background
Growing observational evidence suggests that enhanced mass loss from the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is common during ~1 yr preceding the explosion, creating an optically thick circumstellar medium (CSM) shell at ~10 ^14.5 cm radii. We show that if such mass loss is indeed common...
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9a6b |
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| author | Eli Waxman Tal Wasserman Eran O. Ofek Avishay Gal-Yam |
| author_facet | Eli Waxman Tal Wasserman Eran O. Ofek Avishay Gal-Yam |
| author_sort | Eli Waxman |
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| description | Growing observational evidence suggests that enhanced mass loss from the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is common during ~1 yr preceding the explosion, creating an optically thick circumstellar medium (CSM) shell at ~10 ^14.5 cm radii. We show that if such mass loss is indeed common, then the breakout of the SN shock through the dense CSM shell produces a neutrino flux that may account for a significant fraction of the observed ≳10 TeV neutrino background. The neutrinos are created within a few days from the explosion, during and shortly after the shock breakout, which produces also large UV (and later X-ray) luminosity. The compact size and large UV luminosity imply a pair production optical depth of ~10 ^4 for > 100 GeV photons, naturally accounting for the lack of a high-energy gamma-ray background accompanying the neutrino background. SNe producing >1 neutrino event in a 1 km ^2 detector are expected at a rate of ≲0.1 yr ^−1 . A quantitative theory describing the evolution of the electromagnetic spectrum during a breakout, as the radiation-mediated shock is transformed into a collisionless one, is required to enable (i) using data from upcoming surveys that will systematically detect large numbers of young, <1 day old SNe to determine the preexplosion mass-loss history of the SN progenitor population, and (ii) a quantitative determination of the neutrino luminosity and spectrum. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-efd589a86500480991bf8fd87e63cd0c2025-01-06T06:47:23ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01978213310.3847/1538-4357/ad9a6bShock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino BackgroundEli Waxman0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9038-5877Tal Wasserman1Eran O. Ofek2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-8774Avishay Gal-Yam3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-5598Department of Particle Physics & Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelDepartment of Particle Physics & Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelDepartment of Particle Physics & Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelDepartment of Particle Physics & Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelGrowing observational evidence suggests that enhanced mass loss from the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is common during ~1 yr preceding the explosion, creating an optically thick circumstellar medium (CSM) shell at ~10 ^14.5 cm radii. We show that if such mass loss is indeed common, then the breakout of the SN shock through the dense CSM shell produces a neutrino flux that may account for a significant fraction of the observed ≳10 TeV neutrino background. The neutrinos are created within a few days from the explosion, during and shortly after the shock breakout, which produces also large UV (and later X-ray) luminosity. The compact size and large UV luminosity imply a pair production optical depth of ~10 ^4 for > 100 GeV photons, naturally accounting for the lack of a high-energy gamma-ray background accompanying the neutrino background. SNe producing >1 neutrino event in a 1 km ^2 detector are expected at a rate of ≲0.1 yr ^−1 . A quantitative theory describing the evolution of the electromagnetic spectrum during a breakout, as the radiation-mediated shock is transformed into a collisionless one, is required to enable (i) using data from upcoming surveys that will systematically detect large numbers of young, <1 day old SNe to determine the preexplosion mass-loss history of the SN progenitor population, and (ii) a quantitative determination of the neutrino luminosity and spectrum.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9a6bNeutrino astronomyHigh energy astrophysicsSupernovae |
| spellingShingle | Eli Waxman Tal Wasserman Eran O. Ofek Avishay Gal-Yam Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background The Astrophysical Journal Neutrino astronomy High energy astrophysics Supernovae |
| title | Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background |
| title_full | Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background |
| title_fullStr | Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background |
| title_full_unstemmed | Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background |
| title_short | Shock Breakouts from Compact Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors May Contribute Significantly to the Observed ≳10 TeV Neutrino Background |
| title_sort | shock breakouts from compact circumstellar medium surrounding core collapse supernova progenitors may contribute significantly to the observed ≳10 tev neutrino background |
| topic | Neutrino astronomy High energy astrophysics Supernovae |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9a6b |
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