Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying
An adaptive differential-phase-shifting (DPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol improved by encoding asynchronous-bit-rate with harmonic clock tunability, decoded by shortened delay-line interferometer (DLI) with enhancing stability, and received by single-photon detection with long hold-off i...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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AIP Publishing LLC
2024-12-01
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| Series: | APL Photonics |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0231047 |
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| author | You-Cheng Lin Kuan-Wei Hu Hsing-Yi Huang Yueh-Hsun Yang You-Xin Wang Shih-Chang Hsu Chih-Hsien Cheng Atsushi Matsumoto Kouichi Akahane Yuh-Renn Wu Hao-Chung Kuo Gong-Ru Lin |
| author_facet | You-Cheng Lin Kuan-Wei Hu Hsing-Yi Huang Yueh-Hsun Yang You-Xin Wang Shih-Chang Hsu Chih-Hsien Cheng Atsushi Matsumoto Kouichi Akahane Yuh-Renn Wu Hao-Chung Kuo Gong-Ru Lin |
| author_sort | You-Cheng Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An adaptive differential-phase-shifting (DPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol improved by encoding asynchronous-bit-rate with harmonic clock tunability, decoded by shortened delay-line interferometer (DLI) with enhancing stability, and received by single-photon detection with long hold-off is demonstrated to realize low-erroneous transmission. To achieve long-term stabilized visibility with a maintained quantum bit-error-ratio (QBER) and secure key rate, the shortened and polarized DLI enlarges its free-spectral range (FSR) and reduces its power-to-wavelength slope (δP/δλ) to suppress its sensitivity to thermal gradient, channel leakage, and wavelength disturbance. Extremely low power and wavelength drifts of ΔP/P < ±0.02% and Δλ/λ = ±6.45 × 10−8 can be achieved, even when using a single-mode QKD carrier with a relatively broadened 300-kHz linewidth. Flexibly expanding the 1-bit-delay FSR of the polarized DLI from 0.04 to 1.00 GHz improves its immunity to environmental disturbances, enabling the DPS-QKD decoding with 210–213 patterns, 3.2% QBER, and 17.46-kbit/s under 0.22 photon/pulse in average. The asynchronous-bit-rate DPS-QKD protocol enables harmonic expansion of DLI’s FSR at limited single-photon avalanche detector’s bit rate, which lengthens the duration of stable visibility to support long-pattern DPS-QKD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-efaab471b57940b48a3e0cfaedbb557c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2378-0967 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | AIP Publishing LLC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | APL Photonics |
| spelling | doaj-art-efaab471b57940b48a3e0cfaedbb557c2025-01-02T17:20:57ZengAIP Publishing LLCAPL Photonics2378-09672024-12-01912126115126115-1210.1063/5.0231047Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keyingYou-Cheng Lin0Kuan-Wei Hu1Hsing-Yi Huang2Yueh-Hsun Yang3You-Xin Wang4Shih-Chang Hsu5Chih-Hsien Cheng6Atsushi Matsumoto7Kouichi Akahane8Yuh-Renn Wu9Hao-Chung Kuo10Gong-Ru Lin11Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, JapanNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, JapanNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CNational Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan R.O.CDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei 10617, Taiwan R.O.CAn adaptive differential-phase-shifting (DPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol improved by encoding asynchronous-bit-rate with harmonic clock tunability, decoded by shortened delay-line interferometer (DLI) with enhancing stability, and received by single-photon detection with long hold-off is demonstrated to realize low-erroneous transmission. To achieve long-term stabilized visibility with a maintained quantum bit-error-ratio (QBER) and secure key rate, the shortened and polarized DLI enlarges its free-spectral range (FSR) and reduces its power-to-wavelength slope (δP/δλ) to suppress its sensitivity to thermal gradient, channel leakage, and wavelength disturbance. Extremely low power and wavelength drifts of ΔP/P < ±0.02% and Δλ/λ = ±6.45 × 10−8 can be achieved, even when using a single-mode QKD carrier with a relatively broadened 300-kHz linewidth. Flexibly expanding the 1-bit-delay FSR of the polarized DLI from 0.04 to 1.00 GHz improves its immunity to environmental disturbances, enabling the DPS-QKD decoding with 210–213 patterns, 3.2% QBER, and 17.46-kbit/s under 0.22 photon/pulse in average. The asynchronous-bit-rate DPS-QKD protocol enables harmonic expansion of DLI’s FSR at limited single-photon avalanche detector’s bit rate, which lengthens the duration of stable visibility to support long-pattern DPS-QKD.http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0231047 |
| spellingShingle | You-Cheng Lin Kuan-Wei Hu Hsing-Yi Huang Yueh-Hsun Yang You-Xin Wang Shih-Chang Hsu Chih-Hsien Cheng Atsushi Matsumoto Kouichi Akahane Yuh-Renn Wu Hao-Chung Kuo Gong-Ru Lin Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying APL Photonics |
| title | Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying |
| title_full | Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying |
| title_fullStr | Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying |
| title_full_unstemmed | Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying |
| title_short | Asynchronous-bit-rate differential phase-shift-keying |
| title_sort | asynchronous bit rate differential phase shift keying |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0231047 |
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