The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves
<b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus (<i>Poxviridae</i> family—<i>Capripoxvirus</i> genus) is the aetiological agent of LSD, a disease primarily transmitted by hematophagous biting, affecting principally cattle. Currently, only live attenuated vaccines are...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1302 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1846102534390808576 |
|---|---|
| author | Gaetano Federico Ronchi Mariangela Iorio Anna Serroni Marco Caporale Lilia Testa Cristiano Palucci Daniela Antonucci Sara Capista Sara Traini Chiara Pinoni Ivano Di Matteo Caterina Laguardia Gisella Armillotta Francesca Profeta Fabrizia Valleriani Elisabetta Di Felice Giovanni Di Teodoro Flavio Sacchini Mirella Luciani Chiara Di Pancrazio Michele Podaliri Vulpiani Emanuela Rossi Romolo Salini Daniela Morelli Nicola Ferri Maria Teresa Mercante Mauro Di Ventura |
| author_facet | Gaetano Federico Ronchi Mariangela Iorio Anna Serroni Marco Caporale Lilia Testa Cristiano Palucci Daniela Antonucci Sara Capista Sara Traini Chiara Pinoni Ivano Di Matteo Caterina Laguardia Gisella Armillotta Francesca Profeta Fabrizia Valleriani Elisabetta Di Felice Giovanni Di Teodoro Flavio Sacchini Mirella Luciani Chiara Di Pancrazio Michele Podaliri Vulpiani Emanuela Rossi Romolo Salini Daniela Morelli Nicola Ferri Maria Teresa Mercante Mauro Di Ventura |
| author_sort | Gaetano Federico Ronchi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus (<i>Poxviridae</i> family—<i>Capripoxvirus</i> genus) is the aetiological agent of LSD, a disease primarily transmitted by hematophagous biting, affecting principally cattle. Currently, only live attenuated vaccines are commercially available, but their use is limited to endemic areas. There is a need for safer vaccines, especially in LSD-free countries. This research aims to develop and test a safe and efficacious inactivated vaccine. Moreover, in this study, we used keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a positive marker to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). <b>Methods:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus was propagated on primary lamb testis cells and Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells (PLT and MDBK, respectively), and four inactivated vaccines were produced. The vaccines differed from each other with the addition or not of KLH and in cells used for virus propagation. To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity, the vaccines and two placebos were administered to six groups comprising six male calves each, and antibody response was investigated using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization (SN) test. In addition, the LSD/γ-interferon test and KLH (IgM-IgG) ELISA were performed on the collected samples. Furthermore, the use of KLH allowed us to distinguish vaccinated animals in the ELISA results, without any interference on the strength of the immune response against the LSDV. Finally, the efficacy of one of four vaccines was investigated through a challenge, in which one group of vaccinated animals and one animal control group were infected with a live field strain of LSDV. <b>Results:</b> Four out of the six control animals showed severe clinical signs suggestive of LSD, and, therefore, were euthanized for overcoming the predetermined limit of clinical score. By contrast, the vaccinated animals showed only mild symptoms, suggesting a reduction in severe disease notwithstanding the incapability of the vaccine in reducing the virus shedding. <b>Conclusion:</b> The vaccines produced were safe and able to elicit both a humoral and a cellular immune response, characteristics that, together with the demonstrated efficacy, make our vaccine a good candidate for countering the LSD spread in disease-free countries, thus also facilitating disease containment throughout the application of a DIVA strategy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ef3e16d17549418cbf50d9fdde3eeafd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-ef3e16d17549418cbf50d9fdde3eeafd2024-12-27T14:57:47ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-11-011212130210.3390/vaccines12121302The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in CalvesGaetano Federico Ronchi0Mariangela Iorio1Anna Serroni2Marco Caporale3Lilia Testa4Cristiano Palucci5Daniela Antonucci6Sara Capista7Sara Traini8Chiara Pinoni9Ivano Di Matteo10Caterina Laguardia11Gisella Armillotta12Francesca Profeta13Fabrizia Valleriani14Elisabetta Di Felice15Giovanni Di Teodoro16Flavio Sacchini17Mirella Luciani18Chiara Di Pancrazio19Michele Podaliri Vulpiani20Emanuela Rossi21Romolo Salini22Daniela Morelli23Nicola Ferri24Maria Teresa Mercante25Mauro Di Ventura26Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, ItalyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy<b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus (<i>Poxviridae</i> family—<i>Capripoxvirus</i> genus) is the aetiological agent of LSD, a disease primarily transmitted by hematophagous biting, affecting principally cattle. Currently, only live attenuated vaccines are commercially available, but their use is limited to endemic areas. There is a need for safer vaccines, especially in LSD-free countries. This research aims to develop and test a safe and efficacious inactivated vaccine. Moreover, in this study, we used keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a positive marker to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). <b>Methods:</b> Lumpy skin disease virus was propagated on primary lamb testis cells and Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells (PLT and MDBK, respectively), and four inactivated vaccines were produced. The vaccines differed from each other with the addition or not of KLH and in cells used for virus propagation. To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity, the vaccines and two placebos were administered to six groups comprising six male calves each, and antibody response was investigated using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization (SN) test. In addition, the LSD/γ-interferon test and KLH (IgM-IgG) ELISA were performed on the collected samples. Furthermore, the use of KLH allowed us to distinguish vaccinated animals in the ELISA results, without any interference on the strength of the immune response against the LSDV. Finally, the efficacy of one of four vaccines was investigated through a challenge, in which one group of vaccinated animals and one animal control group were infected with a live field strain of LSDV. <b>Results:</b> Four out of the six control animals showed severe clinical signs suggestive of LSD, and, therefore, were euthanized for overcoming the predetermined limit of clinical score. By contrast, the vaccinated animals showed only mild symptoms, suggesting a reduction in severe disease notwithstanding the incapability of the vaccine in reducing the virus shedding. <b>Conclusion:</b> The vaccines produced were safe and able to elicit both a humoral and a cellular immune response, characteristics that, together with the demonstrated efficacy, make our vaccine a good candidate for countering the LSD spread in disease-free countries, thus also facilitating disease containment throughout the application of a DIVA strategy.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1302lumpy skin disease virusinactivated vaccineDIVA |
| spellingShingle | Gaetano Federico Ronchi Mariangela Iorio Anna Serroni Marco Caporale Lilia Testa Cristiano Palucci Daniela Antonucci Sara Capista Sara Traini Chiara Pinoni Ivano Di Matteo Caterina Laguardia Gisella Armillotta Francesca Profeta Fabrizia Valleriani Elisabetta Di Felice Giovanni Di Teodoro Flavio Sacchini Mirella Luciani Chiara Di Pancrazio Michele Podaliri Vulpiani Emanuela Rossi Romolo Salini Daniela Morelli Nicola Ferri Maria Teresa Mercante Mauro Di Ventura The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves Vaccines lumpy skin disease virus inactivated vaccine DIVA |
| title | The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves |
| title_full | The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves |
| title_fullStr | The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves |
| title_short | The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves |
| title_sort | safety and efficacy of new diva inactivated vaccines against lumpy skin disease in calves |
| topic | lumpy skin disease virus inactivated vaccine DIVA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1302 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gaetanofedericoronchi thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT mariangelaiorio thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT annaserroni thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT marcocaporale thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT liliatesta thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT cristianopalucci thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT danielaantonucci thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT saracapista thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT saratraini thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT chiarapinoni thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT ivanodimatteo thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT caterinalaguardia thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT gisellaarmillotta thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT francescaprofeta thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT fabriziavalleriani thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT elisabettadifelice thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT giovanniditeodoro thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT flaviosacchini thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT mirellaluciani thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT chiaradipancrazio thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT michelepodalirivulpiani thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT emanuelarossi thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT romolosalini thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT danielamorelli thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT nicolaferri thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT mariateresamercante thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT maurodiventura thesafetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT gaetanofedericoronchi safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT mariangelaiorio safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT annaserroni safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT marcocaporale safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT liliatesta safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT cristianopalucci safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT danielaantonucci safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT saracapista safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT saratraini safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT chiarapinoni safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT ivanodimatteo safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT caterinalaguardia safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT gisellaarmillotta safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT francescaprofeta safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT fabriziavalleriani safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT elisabettadifelice safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT giovanniditeodoro safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT flaviosacchini safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT mirellaluciani safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT chiaradipancrazio safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT michelepodalirivulpiani safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT emanuelarossi safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT romolosalini safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT danielamorelli safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT nicolaferri safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT mariateresamercante safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves AT maurodiventura safetyandefficacyofnewdivainactivatedvaccinesagainstlumpyskindiseaseincalves |