Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical of the human innate immune response to invading pathogens. NO, produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), is used by the immune system to kill microorganisms encapsulated within phagosomes via protein and DNA disruption. Owing to its ability to disperse biofilm-bo...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2543 |
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| author | Jonathan Matthew Roberts Scarlet Milo Daniel Gary Metcalf |
| author_facet | Jonathan Matthew Roberts Scarlet Milo Daniel Gary Metcalf |
| author_sort | Jonathan Matthew Roberts |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical of the human innate immune response to invading pathogens. NO, produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), is used by the immune system to kill microorganisms encapsulated within phagosomes via protein and DNA disruption. Owing to its ability to disperse biofilm-bound microorganisms, penetrate the biofilm matrix, and act as a signal molecule, NO may also be effective as an antibiofilm agent. NO can be considered an underappreciated antimicrobial that could be levied against infected, at-risk, and hard-to-heal wounds due to the inherent lack of bacterial resistance, and tolerance by human tissues. NO produced within a wound dressing may be an effective method of disrupting biofilms and killing microorganisms in hard-to-heal wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure injuries. We have conducted a narrative review of the evidence underlying the key antimicrobial and antibiofilm mechanisms of action of NO for it to serve as an exogenously-produced antimicrobial agent in dressings used in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eb55d611ed354b37b75bab59bb81b538 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-eb55d611ed354b37b75bab59bb81b5382024-12-27T14:41:30ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072024-12-011212254310.3390/microorganisms12122543Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric OxideJonathan Matthew Roberts0Scarlet Milo1Daniel Gary Metcalf2Advanced Wound Care Research & Development, Convatec, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UKAdvanced Wound Care Research & Development, Convatec, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UKAdvanced Wound Care Research & Development, Convatec, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UKNitric oxide (NO) is a free radical of the human innate immune response to invading pathogens. NO, produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), is used by the immune system to kill microorganisms encapsulated within phagosomes via protein and DNA disruption. Owing to its ability to disperse biofilm-bound microorganisms, penetrate the biofilm matrix, and act as a signal molecule, NO may also be effective as an antibiofilm agent. NO can be considered an underappreciated antimicrobial that could be levied against infected, at-risk, and hard-to-heal wounds due to the inherent lack of bacterial resistance, and tolerance by human tissues. NO produced within a wound dressing may be an effective method of disrupting biofilms and killing microorganisms in hard-to-heal wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure injuries. We have conducted a narrative review of the evidence underlying the key antimicrobial and antibiofilm mechanisms of action of NO for it to serve as an exogenously-produced antimicrobial agent in dressings used in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2543nitric oxidewoundhard-to-healbiofilmantimicrobial |
| spellingShingle | Jonathan Matthew Roberts Scarlet Milo Daniel Gary Metcalf Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide Microorganisms nitric oxide wound hard-to-heal biofilm antimicrobial |
| title | Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide |
| title_full | Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide |
| title_fullStr | Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide |
| title_full_unstemmed | Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide |
| title_short | Harnessing the Power of Our Immune System: The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nitric Oxide |
| title_sort | harnessing the power of our immune system the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of nitric oxide |
| topic | nitric oxide wound hard-to-heal biofilm antimicrobial |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2543 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jonathanmatthewroberts harnessingthepowerofourimmunesystemtheantimicrobialandantibiofilmpropertiesofnitricoxide AT scarletmilo harnessingthepowerofourimmunesystemtheantimicrobialandantibiofilmpropertiesofnitricoxide AT danielgarymetcalf harnessingthepowerofourimmunesystemtheantimicrobialandantibiofilmpropertiesofnitricoxide |