Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment

Search and rescue (SAR) missions require reliable search methods to locate survivors, especially in challenging environments. Introducing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can enhance the efficiency of SAR missions while simultaneously increasing the safety of everyone involved. Motivated by this, we...

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Main Authors: Stella Dumenčić, Luka Lanča, Karlo Jakac, Stefan Ivić
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Drones
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/7/473
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author Stella Dumenčić
Luka Lanča
Karlo Jakac
Stefan Ivić
author_facet Stella Dumenčić
Luka Lanča
Karlo Jakac
Stefan Ivić
author_sort Stella Dumenčić
collection DOAJ
description Search and rescue (SAR) missions require reliable search methods to locate survivors, especially in challenging environments. Introducing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can enhance the efficiency of SAR missions while simultaneously increasing the safety of everyone involved. Motivated by this, we experiment with autonomous UAV search for humans in Mediterranean karst environment. The UAVs are directed using the Heat equation-driven area coverage (HEDAC) ergodic control method based on known probability density and detection function. The sensing framework consists of a probabilistic search model, motion control system, and object detection enabling to calculate the target’s detection probability. This paper focuses on the experimental validation of the proposed sensing framework. The uniform probability density, achieved by assigning suitable tasks to 78 volunteers, ensures the even probability of finding targets. The detection model is based on the You Only Look Once (YOLO) model trained on a previously collected orthophoto image database. The experimental search is carefully planned and conducted, while recording as many parameters as possible. The thorough analysis includes the motion control system, object detection, and search validation. The assessment of the detection and search performance strongly indicates that the detection model in the UAV control algorithm is aligned with real-world results.
format Article
id doaj-art-ea3b2c0e9a474b0a8db08f3d8d4d5708
institution Kabale University
issn 2504-446X
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Drones
spelling doaj-art-ea3b2c0e9a474b0a8db08f3d8d4d57082025-08-20T03:58:27ZengMDPI AGDrones2504-446X2025-07-019747310.3390/drones9070473Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness EnvironmentStella Dumenčić0Luka Lanča1Karlo Jakac2Stefan Ivić3Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaFaculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaFaculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaFaculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaSearch and rescue (SAR) missions require reliable search methods to locate survivors, especially in challenging environments. Introducing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can enhance the efficiency of SAR missions while simultaneously increasing the safety of everyone involved. Motivated by this, we experiment with autonomous UAV search for humans in Mediterranean karst environment. The UAVs are directed using the Heat equation-driven area coverage (HEDAC) ergodic control method based on known probability density and detection function. The sensing framework consists of a probabilistic search model, motion control system, and object detection enabling to calculate the target’s detection probability. This paper focuses on the experimental validation of the proposed sensing framework. The uniform probability density, achieved by assigning suitable tasks to 78 volunteers, ensures the even probability of finding targets. The detection model is based on the You Only Look Once (YOLO) model trained on a previously collected orthophoto image database. The experimental search is carefully planned and conducted, while recording as many parameters as possible. The thorough analysis includes the motion control system, object detection, and search validation. The assessment of the detection and search performance strongly indicates that the detection model in the UAV control algorithm is aligned with real-world results.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/7/473UAVsearch and rescueexperimentYOLOHEDAC
spellingShingle Stella Dumenčić
Luka Lanča
Karlo Jakac
Stefan Ivić
Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment
Drones
UAV
search and rescue
experiment
YOLO
HEDAC
title Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment
title_full Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment
title_fullStr Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment
title_full_unstemmed Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment
title_short Experimental Validation of UAV Search and Detection System in Real Wilderness Environment
title_sort experimental validation of uav search and detection system in real wilderness environment
topic UAV
search and rescue
experiment
YOLO
HEDAC
url https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/7/473
work_keys_str_mv AT stelladumencic experimentalvalidationofuavsearchanddetectionsysteminrealwildernessenvironment
AT lukalanca experimentalvalidationofuavsearchanddetectionsysteminrealwildernessenvironment
AT karlojakac experimentalvalidationofuavsearchanddetectionsysteminrealwildernessenvironment
AT stefanivic experimentalvalidationofuavsearchanddetectionsysteminrealwildernessenvironment