Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills
Abstract This study examines the multi-decadal variability and trends of surface air temperature and precipitation in the Indian Cardamom Hills (ICH), a degraded tropical rainforest area unique for cardamom cultivation. Utilizing observed long-term climatic data (1958–2017), statistical methods such...
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Nature Portfolio
2024-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78174-z |
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| author | Sivajothi Ramalingam Kazuaki Tanaka Nainaru Tarakaramu Muthusamy Murugan Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal M. Ijaz Khan |
| author_facet | Sivajothi Ramalingam Kazuaki Tanaka Nainaru Tarakaramu Muthusamy Murugan Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal M. Ijaz Khan |
| author_sort | Sivajothi Ramalingam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study examines the multi-decadal variability and trends of surface air temperature and precipitation in the Indian Cardamom Hills (ICH), a degraded tropical rainforest area unique for cardamom cultivation. Utilizing observed long-term climatic data (1958–2017), statistical methods such as the Mann–Kendall test (MKT), Sen’s Slope Estimator (SSE), and Incremental Trend Analysis (ITA) were applied to assess the impact of surface air temperature, rainfall, and the number of rainy days on cardamom yield. The analysis revealed a significant decline in annual rainfall by approximately 13.62 mm per year, with pronounced seasonal declines 0.87 mm for winter, 12.33 mm for pre-monsoon, 24.93 mm for southwest monsoon, and 18.10 mm for post-monsoon. Simultaneously, the number of rainy days dropped by nearly 19.75 days over the 40-year period. A noticeable increase in decadal minimum and average temperatures was observed, highlighting potential adverse effects on cardamom yield and irrigation water resources. The findings suggest that excessive rainfall during the southwest monsoon negatively correlates with cardamom yield, while slightly warmer temperatures show a weak positive correlation. The study also emphasizes the need for adaptive agricultural practices and climate-resilient policies to mitigate the effects of changing climatic conditions on cardamom production. This research contributes valuable insights for farmers and other stakeholders as well as policymakers aiming to ensure sustainable cardamom cultivation amidst climate change. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e94ded1a6005477f8cf7f90a551c281a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-e94ded1a6005477f8cf7f90a551c281a2024-12-01T12:23:06ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-11-0114111410.1038/s41598-024-78174-zAssessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom HillsSivajothi Ramalingam0Kazuaki Tanaka1Nainaru Tarakaramu2Muthusamy Murugan3Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal4M. Ijaz Khan5Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesComputer Science and Systems Engineering Department of Intelligent and Control Systems, Kyushu Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Mathematics, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mohan Babu UniversityCardamom Research Station, Kerala Agricultural UniversitySchool of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Ghandhigram Rural Institute Deemed UniversityDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd UniversityAbstract This study examines the multi-decadal variability and trends of surface air temperature and precipitation in the Indian Cardamom Hills (ICH), a degraded tropical rainforest area unique for cardamom cultivation. Utilizing observed long-term climatic data (1958–2017), statistical methods such as the Mann–Kendall test (MKT), Sen’s Slope Estimator (SSE), and Incremental Trend Analysis (ITA) were applied to assess the impact of surface air temperature, rainfall, and the number of rainy days on cardamom yield. The analysis revealed a significant decline in annual rainfall by approximately 13.62 mm per year, with pronounced seasonal declines 0.87 mm for winter, 12.33 mm for pre-monsoon, 24.93 mm for southwest monsoon, and 18.10 mm for post-monsoon. Simultaneously, the number of rainy days dropped by nearly 19.75 days over the 40-year period. A noticeable increase in decadal minimum and average temperatures was observed, highlighting potential adverse effects on cardamom yield and irrigation water resources. The findings suggest that excessive rainfall during the southwest monsoon negatively correlates with cardamom yield, while slightly warmer temperatures show a weak positive correlation. The study also emphasizes the need for adaptive agricultural practices and climate-resilient policies to mitigate the effects of changing climatic conditions on cardamom production. This research contributes valuable insights for farmers and other stakeholders as well as policymakers aiming to ensure sustainable cardamom cultivation amidst climate change.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78174-zClimatic trendsCardamom yieldMann–Kendall testPrecipitationSurface air temperature |
| spellingShingle | Sivajothi Ramalingam Kazuaki Tanaka Nainaru Tarakaramu Muthusamy Murugan Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal M. Ijaz Khan Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills Scientific Reports Climatic trends Cardamom yield Mann–Kendall test Precipitation Surface air temperature |
| title | Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills |
| title_full | Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills |
| title_fullStr | Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills |
| title_short | Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills |
| title_sort | assessing multi decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the indian cardamom hills |
| topic | Climatic trends Cardamom yield Mann–Kendall test Precipitation Surface air temperature |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78174-z |
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