Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery

Antarctic icebergs are critical components of the Antarctic ice sheet-ice shelf-ocean system and play a key role in understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly in estimating iceberg volume through the freeboard measurements. This study presents an innovative deep learning-based approac...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zitong Zhou, Outong Li, Songtao Ai, Xinde Chu, Shoukat Ali Shah
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-08-01
Series:International Journal of Digital Earth
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2548005
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Summary:Antarctic icebergs are critical components of the Antarctic ice sheet-ice shelf-ocean system and play a key role in understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly in estimating iceberg volume through the freeboard measurements. This study presents an innovative deep learning-based approach (U-Net) for automatically measuring iceberg freeboard from optical remote sensing data in the Antarctic coastal region, following data acquisition. Landsat 8 imagery from September 2022 was used to test the method, successfully extracting 85,083 icebergs, the maximum freeboard reaching 95.16 m at (66.44°S, 91.28°E). Results revealed significant regional disparities in iceberg distribution, with the West Antarctic region exhibiting a higher iceberg density than the East Antarctica region. Iceberg coverage was notably sparse around large ice shelves. Freeboard analysis categorized icebergs into five height levels, with small to medium-sized icebergs (less than 25 m) comprising 80.07% of the total. A decreasing trend in freeboard was observed with increasing distance from the coastline. The study also identified the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea region as having the highest iceberg concentration, with consistent density patterns across height categories in regions between 90°W–160°W and 15°W–30°W. This research provides valuable data for understanding iceberg formation and its potential impacts on oceanic and climatic systems.
ISSN:1753-8947
1753-8955