Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study
<b>Background:</b> Pediatric pain significantly affects children’s lives, leading to school absenteeism, impaired social interactions, and psychological distress. The perception of sensory signals as pain is influenced by the brain’s noradrenergic system, and recent evidence suggests tha...
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2024-11-01
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| Series: | Children |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/11/1388 |
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| author | Eugene Merzon Eli Magen Yaniv Levy Shai Ashkenazi Iris Manor Abraham Weizman Beth Krone Stephen V. Faraone Ilan Green Avivit Golan-Cohen Shlomo Vinker Ariel Israel |
| author_facet | Eugene Merzon Eli Magen Yaniv Levy Shai Ashkenazi Iris Manor Abraham Weizman Beth Krone Stephen V. Faraone Ilan Green Avivit Golan-Cohen Shlomo Vinker Ariel Israel |
| author_sort | Eugene Merzon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Pediatric pain significantly affects children’s lives, leading to school absenteeism, impaired social interactions, and psychological distress. The perception of sensory signals as pain is influenced by the brain’s noradrenergic system, and recent evidence suggests that chronic pain may impact cognitive functioning and emotional regulation. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in the dopaminergic/noradrenergic systems, which could affect pain perception. Pain-associated conditions and frequent analgesic use in childhood may be linked to ADHD development and could serve as early indicators, yet data on this potential association remain limited. <b>Study Aim:</b> This population-based case-control study in Israel aimed to assess the prevalence of pain-related diagnoses prior to ADHD diagnosis in children aged 5 to 18. The study included children registered with Leumit Health Services (LHS) between 1 January 2006, and 30 June 2021. Children diagnosed with ADHD were compared to matched controls, selected based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and other sociodemographic factors, who were never diagnosed with ADHD during the study period. <b>Results</b>: Children with ADHD (<i>N</i> = 18,756) and controls (<i>N</i> = 37,512) were precisely matched for sociodemographic characteristics. Individuals with ADHD exhibited significantly higher frequencies of diverse pain conditions, including those associated with illness [headache, earaches, and throat pain (odds ratios [OR] = 1.156 [95%CI 1.085, 1.232], 1.295 [95%CI 1.217, 1.377], and 1.080 [95%CI 1.019, 1.145], respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.01)] and injury [sprains and strains (OR = 1.233 [95% CI 1.104,1.376)]. Analgesics were more frequently purchased by individuals with ADHD, particularly paracetamol (OR = 1.194 [95%CI 1.152, 1.237], <i>p</i> < 0.001) and ibuprofen (OR = 1.366 [95%CI 1.318, 1.416], <i>p</i> = 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> This study highlights a potential connection between ADHD and pediatric pain. The elevated rates of pain diagnoses and analgesic usage among children with ADHD underscore the need for further research. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e3f33821ed5841cea016de8737cb0d0a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-e3f33821ed5841cea016de8737cb0d0a2024-11-26T17:57:42ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672024-11-011111138810.3390/children11111388Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based StudyEugene Merzon0Eli Magen1Yaniv Levy2Shai Ashkenazi3Iris Manor4Abraham Weizman5Beth Krone6Stephen V. Faraone7Ilan Green8Avivit Golan-Cohen9Shlomo Vinker10Ariel Israel11Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, IsraelLeumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, IsraelLeumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, IsraelAdelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, IsraelADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 491000, IsraelADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 491000, IsraelIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USADepartments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USALeumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, IsraelLeumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, IsraelLeumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, IsraelLeumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, Israel<b>Background:</b> Pediatric pain significantly affects children’s lives, leading to school absenteeism, impaired social interactions, and psychological distress. The perception of sensory signals as pain is influenced by the brain’s noradrenergic system, and recent evidence suggests that chronic pain may impact cognitive functioning and emotional regulation. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in the dopaminergic/noradrenergic systems, which could affect pain perception. Pain-associated conditions and frequent analgesic use in childhood may be linked to ADHD development and could serve as early indicators, yet data on this potential association remain limited. <b>Study Aim:</b> This population-based case-control study in Israel aimed to assess the prevalence of pain-related diagnoses prior to ADHD diagnosis in children aged 5 to 18. The study included children registered with Leumit Health Services (LHS) between 1 January 2006, and 30 June 2021. Children diagnosed with ADHD were compared to matched controls, selected based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and other sociodemographic factors, who were never diagnosed with ADHD during the study period. <b>Results</b>: Children with ADHD (<i>N</i> = 18,756) and controls (<i>N</i> = 37,512) were precisely matched for sociodemographic characteristics. Individuals with ADHD exhibited significantly higher frequencies of diverse pain conditions, including those associated with illness [headache, earaches, and throat pain (odds ratios [OR] = 1.156 [95%CI 1.085, 1.232], 1.295 [95%CI 1.217, 1.377], and 1.080 [95%CI 1.019, 1.145], respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.01)] and injury [sprains and strains (OR = 1.233 [95% CI 1.104,1.376)]. Analgesics were more frequently purchased by individuals with ADHD, particularly paracetamol (OR = 1.194 [95%CI 1.152, 1.237], <i>p</i> < 0.001) and ibuprofen (OR = 1.366 [95%CI 1.318, 1.416], <i>p</i> = 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> This study highlights a potential connection between ADHD and pediatric pain. The elevated rates of pain diagnoses and analgesic usage among children with ADHD underscore the need for further research.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/11/1388pediatric pain-associated diagnosesADHDinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Eugene Merzon Eli Magen Yaniv Levy Shai Ashkenazi Iris Manor Abraham Weizman Beth Krone Stephen V. Faraone Ilan Green Avivit Golan-Cohen Shlomo Vinker Ariel Israel Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study Children pediatric pain-associated diagnoses ADHD inflammation |
| title | Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study |
| title_full | Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study |
| title_fullStr | Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study |
| title_short | Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study |
| title_sort | pain associated diagnoses in childhood before the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a population based study |
| topic | pediatric pain-associated diagnoses ADHD inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/11/1388 |
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