Subsoil structure at the Chang’E-6 landing site revealed by in-situ Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar

Abstract As humanity’s first sample return mission from the lunar farside, China’s Chang’E-6 mission provides a unique window into understanding the dichotomy in lunar nearside-farside evolution. Chang’E-6 landed in the southwestern Apollo basin (~2.79 Ga) within the South Pole–Aitken basin, providi...

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Main Authors: Zongyu Zhang, Chunyu Ding, Yan Su, Shaoxiang Shen, Wei Lu, Francesco Soldovieri, Zhiyong Xiao, Xingguo Zeng, Wei Du, Yuhang Liu, Changzhi Jiang, Gianluca Gennarelli, Ilaria Catapano, Shun Dai, Jianqing Feng, Yichen Wang, Jianjun Liu, Chunlai Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Communications Earth & Environment
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02631-4
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Summary:Abstract As humanity’s first sample return mission from the lunar farside, China’s Chang’E-6 mission provides a unique window into understanding the dichotomy in lunar nearside-farside evolution. Chang’E-6 landed in the southwestern Apollo basin (~2.79 Ga) within the South Pole–Aitken basin, providing a valuable record of early solar system impacts. Equipped with a Multi-Input-Multi-Output Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar, the mission enabled the first detailed investigation of the shallow subsurface structure at the farside. By employing a tailored data processing approach, we obtained high-resolution subsurface images and revealed a distinct two-layer structure to a depth of 3 m. The upper layer (~1.7 m thick) consists of fine-grained, highly weathered regolith, while the lower layer (extending to 3 m) contains coarse, unweathered ejecta. Furthermore, by integrating data from Apollo and Chang’E missions, we identified a potential relationship between the lunar surface geological age and the shallow regolith’s electromagnetic losses. Specifically, geologically older regions exhibit lower electromagnetic attenuation, suggesting a possible link between regolith maturity and electromagnetic properties. These findings provide critical insights into the geological evolution of the Moon, and also offer unprecedented opportunities for correlating in-situ radar measurements with laboratory analyses of the farside samples, fundamentally advancing our understanding of lunar exploration.
ISSN:2662-4435