Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries
This study employed dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) and mass balance principles to examine copper flows in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam from 1960 to 2020, with projections extending to 2050 using five shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. We applied the se...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Recycling |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/9/6/116 |
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| author | Thi Van Le Sebastien Michael Rene Dente Seiji Hashimoto |
| author_facet | Thi Van Le Sebastien Michael Rene Dente Seiji Hashimoto |
| author_sort | Thi Van Le |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study employed dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) and mass balance principles to examine copper flows in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam from 1960 to 2020, with projections extending to 2050 using five shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. We applied the secondary resources classification framework to assess secondary copper resources and their recoverability in these countries. The results indicated that total copper stocks across these countries would continue to rise, with Indonesia’s copper stock projected to reach around 5000–12,000 kt by 2050, the highest among the five nations. In 2022, Malaysia had the highest per capita copper stock at 100 kg/person, although all countries were expected to remain below the per capita stock levels seen in major copper-consuming developed countries by 2050. Copper demand was projected to increase by 118–238 kt annually from 2023 to 2050, leading to a significant rise in end-of-life copper scrap. By 2050, secondary copper reserves in Indonesia were estimated to reach 4096 kt, with similar growth trends observed in other countries (3898 kt in Thailand, 3290 kt in Vietnam, 3096 kt in Malaysia, and 2564 kt in the Philippines). This highlights both the potential for resource recovery and the need for improved waste management. If recycling rates increase to 80–90%, secondary reserves could meet up to 42–65% of the copper demand in 2050. However, current recycling rates remain well below this potential, underscoring the urgent need for better waste management systems. This study emphasizes the balance between economic development and resource sustainability, offering critical insights for policymakers to improve recycling efficiency and reduce reliance on primary copper sources. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e3699afecaea415c867db4613c7d91b3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2313-4321 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Recycling |
| spelling | doaj-art-e3699afecaea415c867db4613c7d91b32024-12-27T14:50:08ZengMDPI AGRecycling2313-43212024-11-019611610.3390/recycling9060116Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian CountriesThi Van Le0Sebastien Michael Rene Dente1Seiji Hashimoto2Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, JapanRitsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, JapanCollege of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, JapanThis study employed dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) and mass balance principles to examine copper flows in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam from 1960 to 2020, with projections extending to 2050 using five shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. We applied the secondary resources classification framework to assess secondary copper resources and their recoverability in these countries. The results indicated that total copper stocks across these countries would continue to rise, with Indonesia’s copper stock projected to reach around 5000–12,000 kt by 2050, the highest among the five nations. In 2022, Malaysia had the highest per capita copper stock at 100 kg/person, although all countries were expected to remain below the per capita stock levels seen in major copper-consuming developed countries by 2050. Copper demand was projected to increase by 118–238 kt annually from 2023 to 2050, leading to a significant rise in end-of-life copper scrap. By 2050, secondary copper reserves in Indonesia were estimated to reach 4096 kt, with similar growth trends observed in other countries (3898 kt in Thailand, 3290 kt in Vietnam, 3096 kt in Malaysia, and 2564 kt in the Philippines). This highlights both the potential for resource recovery and the need for improved waste management. If recycling rates increase to 80–90%, secondary reserves could meet up to 42–65% of the copper demand in 2050. However, current recycling rates remain well below this potential, underscoring the urgent need for better waste management systems. This study emphasizes the balance between economic development and resource sustainability, offering critical insights for policymakers to improve recycling efficiency and reduce reliance on primary copper sources.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/9/6/116dynamic material flow analysisin-use stockmetal scrapsecondary resource classificationSoutheast Asia |
| spellingShingle | Thi Van Le Sebastien Michael Rene Dente Seiji Hashimoto Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries Recycling dynamic material flow analysis in-use stock metal scrap secondary resource classification Southeast Asia |
| title | Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries |
| title_full | Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries |
| title_fullStr | Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries |
| title_short | Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Southeast Asian Countries |
| title_sort | contemporary and future secondary copper reserves of southeast asian countries |
| topic | dynamic material flow analysis in-use stock metal scrap secondary resource classification Southeast Asia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/9/6/116 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT thivanle contemporaryandfuturesecondarycopperreservesofsoutheastasiancountries AT sebastienmichaelrenedente contemporaryandfuturesecondarycopperreservesofsoutheastasiancountries AT seijihashimoto contemporaryandfuturesecondarycopperreservesofsoutheastasiancountries |