Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks
Abstract The growth in intelligent services with fewer resources and advanced communication technologies has positioned the Internet of Things (IoT) as the leading framework for less power lossy networks. However, IoT systems face significant risks from cyberattacks due to drawbacks in storage and c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Discover Internet of Things |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w |
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| author | Susheela Vishnoi Sunil Kumar Saikat Samanta |
| author_facet | Susheela Vishnoi Sunil Kumar Saikat Samanta |
| author_sort | Susheela Vishnoi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The growth in intelligent services with fewer resources and advanced communication technologies has positioned the Internet of Things (IoT) as the leading framework for less power lossy networks. However, IoT systems face significant risks from cyberattacks due to drawbacks in storage and computation. In this work, a novel approach is introduced that combines deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) to improve cyber-attack detection in IoT networks, which solves cybersecurity issues. The proposed IoT system includes four steps: pre-processing, augmentation, feature selection, and classification. In the initial phase, data are collected from the ToN-IoT dataset and the BoT-IoT dataset. Then, pre-processing is employed using Z-score normalization and missing value imputation to improve the quality of data. Next, to solve the data imbalance problem, Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN) are employed. After that, the Binary Genetic Dung Beetle Optimization (B-GDBO) method is utilized for optimal feature selection and also reduces the risk of overfitting. Ultimately, a one-dimensional Gated Recurrent Unit with attention based deep residual network combined with Support Vector Machine (1D GRU-AtDRN-SVM) is proposed for accurate attack detection and classification, and improves accuracy in classification. This hybrid model supports improved detection accuracy and resilience for protecting IoT networks from cyber threats. The experimental results attain an accuracy of 99.5%, a precision of 98.72%, and an F1-score of 98.26% for the ToN-IoT dataset. Also, the BoT-IoT dataset achieves an accuracy of 99.3%, a precision of 99.01%, and an F1-score of 98.89%. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-df993fffd5f64e5784c957d3b625c8f9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2730-7239 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Discover Internet of Things |
| spelling | doaj-art-df993fffd5f64e5784c957d3b625c8f92025-08-24T11:46:31ZengSpringerDiscover Internet of Things2730-72392025-08-015113510.1007/s43926-025-00190-wHybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networksSusheela Vishnoi0Sunil Kumar1Saikat Samanta2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University JaipurDepartment of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University JaipurDepartment of IoT and Intelligent Systems, Manipal University JaipurAbstract The growth in intelligent services with fewer resources and advanced communication technologies has positioned the Internet of Things (IoT) as the leading framework for less power lossy networks. However, IoT systems face significant risks from cyberattacks due to drawbacks in storage and computation. In this work, a novel approach is introduced that combines deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) to improve cyber-attack detection in IoT networks, which solves cybersecurity issues. The proposed IoT system includes four steps: pre-processing, augmentation, feature selection, and classification. In the initial phase, data are collected from the ToN-IoT dataset and the BoT-IoT dataset. Then, pre-processing is employed using Z-score normalization and missing value imputation to improve the quality of data. Next, to solve the data imbalance problem, Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN) are employed. After that, the Binary Genetic Dung Beetle Optimization (B-GDBO) method is utilized for optimal feature selection and also reduces the risk of overfitting. Ultimately, a one-dimensional Gated Recurrent Unit with attention based deep residual network combined with Support Vector Machine (1D GRU-AtDRN-SVM) is proposed for accurate attack detection and classification, and improves accuracy in classification. This hybrid model supports improved detection accuracy and resilience for protecting IoT networks from cyber threats. The experimental results attain an accuracy of 99.5%, a precision of 98.72%, and an F1-score of 98.26% for the ToN-IoT dataset. Also, the BoT-IoT dataset achieves an accuracy of 99.3%, a precision of 99.01%, and an F1-score of 98.89%.https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-wCyberattack detectionGenerative adversarial networkDung beetle optimizationResidual networkSupport vector machine |
| spellingShingle | Susheela Vishnoi Sunil Kumar Saikat Samanta Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks Discover Internet of Things Cyberattack detection Generative adversarial network Dung beetle optimization Residual network Support vector machine |
| title | Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks |
| title_full | Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks |
| title_fullStr | Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks |
| title_short | Hybrid IoT-CAD system: optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in IoT networks |
| title_sort | hybrid iot cad system optimized feature selection based gated recurrent residual deep learning for cyber attack detection in iot networks |
| topic | Cyberattack detection Generative adversarial network Dung beetle optimization Residual network Support vector machine |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00190-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT susheelavishnoi hybridiotcadsystemoptimizedfeatureselectionbasedgatedrecurrentresidualdeeplearningforcyberattackdetectioniniotnetworks AT sunilkumar hybridiotcadsystemoptimizedfeatureselectionbasedgatedrecurrentresidualdeeplearningforcyberattackdetectioniniotnetworks AT saikatsamanta hybridiotcadsystemoptimizedfeatureselectionbasedgatedrecurrentresidualdeeplearningforcyberattackdetectioniniotnetworks |