Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms
Background: Glyoxal has been implicated as a significant contributor to the formation of secondary organic aerosols, which play a key role in our ability to estimate the impact of aerosols on climate. Elevated concentrations of glyoxal over open ocean waters suggest that there exists an additional s...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Renee T. Williams Annika Caspers-Brown Jennifer Michaud Natalie Stevens Michael Meehan Camille M. Sultana Christopher Lee Francesca Malfatti Yanyan Zhou Farooq Azam Kimberly A. Prather Pieter Dorrestein Michael D. Burkart Robert S. Pomeroy |
| author_facet | Renee T. Williams Annika Caspers-Brown Jennifer Michaud Natalie Stevens Michael Meehan Camille M. Sultana Christopher Lee Francesca Malfatti Yanyan Zhou Farooq Azam Kimberly A. Prather Pieter Dorrestein Michael D. Burkart Robert S. Pomeroy |
| author_sort | Renee T. Williams |
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| description | Background: Glyoxal has been implicated as a significant contributor to the formation of secondary organic aerosols, which play a key role in our ability to estimate the impact of aerosols on climate. Elevated concentrations of glyoxal over open ocean waters suggest that there exists an additional source, different from urban and forest environments, which has yet to be identified. Methods: Based on mass spectrometric analyses of nascent sea spray aerosols (SSAs) and gas-phase molecules generated during the course of a controlled algal bloom, the work herein suggests that marine microorganisms are capable of excreting toluene in response to environmental stimuli. Additional culture flask experiments demonstrated that pathogenic attack could also serve as a trigger for toluene formation. Using solid-phase microextraction methods, the comparison of samples collected up-channel and over the breaking wave suggests it was transferred across the air–water interface primarily through SSA formation. Results: The presence and then absence of phenylacetic acid in the SSA days prior to the appearance of toluene support previous reports that proposed toluene is produced as a metabolite of phenylalanine through the Shikimate pathway. As a result, once in the atmosphere, toluene is susceptible to oxidation and subsequent degradation into glyoxal. Conclusions: This work adds to a minimal collection of literature that addresses the primary production of aromatic hydrocarbons from marine microorganisms and provides a potential missing source of glyoxal that should be considered when accounting for its origins in remote ocean regions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-df22652e549441d295d5c3933cee05d0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj-art-df22652e549441d295d5c3933cee05d02024-11-26T18:13:14ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892024-11-01141163110.3390/metabo14110631Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine MicroorganismsRenee T. Williams0Annika Caspers-Brown1Jennifer Michaud2Natalie Stevens3Michael Meehan4Camille M. Sultana5Christopher Lee6Francesca Malfatti7Yanyan Zhou8Farooq Azam9Kimberly A. Prather10Pieter Dorrestein11Michael D. Burkart12Robert S. Pomeroy13Williams Biotech Consulting, San Bruno, CA 90466, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USASkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USANational Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, 34100 Trieste, ItalyState Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the MOE for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USASkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USABackground: Glyoxal has been implicated as a significant contributor to the formation of secondary organic aerosols, which play a key role in our ability to estimate the impact of aerosols on climate. Elevated concentrations of glyoxal over open ocean waters suggest that there exists an additional source, different from urban and forest environments, which has yet to be identified. Methods: Based on mass spectrometric analyses of nascent sea spray aerosols (SSAs) and gas-phase molecules generated during the course of a controlled algal bloom, the work herein suggests that marine microorganisms are capable of excreting toluene in response to environmental stimuli. Additional culture flask experiments demonstrated that pathogenic attack could also serve as a trigger for toluene formation. Using solid-phase microextraction methods, the comparison of samples collected up-channel and over the breaking wave suggests it was transferred across the air–water interface primarily through SSA formation. Results: The presence and then absence of phenylacetic acid in the SSA days prior to the appearance of toluene support previous reports that proposed toluene is produced as a metabolite of phenylalanine through the Shikimate pathway. As a result, once in the atmosphere, toluene is susceptible to oxidation and subsequent degradation into glyoxal. Conclusions: This work adds to a minimal collection of literature that addresses the primary production of aromatic hydrocarbons from marine microorganisms and provides a potential missing source of glyoxal that should be considered when accounting for its origins in remote ocean regions.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/11/631marine algaemarine bacteriagas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS)liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)sea spray aerosols (SSAs) |
| spellingShingle | Renee T. Williams Annika Caspers-Brown Jennifer Michaud Natalie Stevens Michael Meehan Camille M. Sultana Christopher Lee Francesca Malfatti Yanyan Zhou Farooq Azam Kimberly A. Prather Pieter Dorrestein Michael D. Burkart Robert S. Pomeroy Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms Metabolites marine algae marine bacteria gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) sea spray aerosols (SSAs) |
| title | Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms |
| title_full | Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms |
| title_fullStr | Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms |
| title_short | Possible Missing Sources of Atmospheric Glyoxal Part II: Oxidation of Toluene Derived from the Primary Production of Marine Microorganisms |
| title_sort | possible missing sources of atmospheric glyoxal part ii oxidation of toluene derived from the primary production of marine microorganisms |
| topic | marine algae marine bacteria gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) sea spray aerosols (SSAs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/11/631 |
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