Protein dielectric characterization using a tetra square-shaped DNG metamaterial as a differential microwave sensor
This paper reports protein dielectric characterization using a tetra square-shaped DNG metamaterial as a differential microwave sensor. The sensor is fabricated by incorporating five Metamaterial (MM) structures based on split-ring resonators. The MM demonstrates concurrent negative permittivity and...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Optomechatronics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15599612.2024.2432675 |
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| Summary: | This paper reports protein dielectric characterization using a tetra square-shaped DNG metamaterial as a differential microwave sensor. The sensor is fabricated by incorporating five Metamaterial (MM) structures based on split-ring resonators. The MM demonstrates concurrent negative permittivity and permeability at 6.5GHz and 8.1GHz. The incorporation of MM leads to an enhancement in the electric field concentration within the sensing zone of the differential sensor, hence enabling the simultaneous detection of two protein samples. And it can operate in a bandwidth of over 1GHz with two resonance frequencies at 3.955GHz and 4.31GHz. The calculated average sensitivity is 0.7198, higher than the previously reported differential sensors. During sensing measurement, protein layers are covered with a whey protein film. Whey protein can sometimes lose its original shape. As a result, protein quality decreases. Also, denaturing has the potential to eradicate protein. The decrease of dielectric loss factor due to the denaturation of whey protein can be analyzed by sensing the reflection coefficient S11 through the proposed differential sensor. Finally, we have shown the Q-factor analysis and plotted the fitting curve for the protein samples to justify the sensor’s sensitivity. The proposed differential sensor is small, operates in a wide bandwidth, and is highly sensitive, making it suitable for the chemical and food industries. |
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| ISSN: | 1559-9612 1559-9620 |