Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy
ABSTRACT Objective Microgap at the implant–abutment interface is a critical factor that may influence both survival- and success rates of dental implants. Several studies have found that the shape of the abutment and implant, the kind of connection between the implant and abutment (external, intern...
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Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic
2025-08-01
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| Series: | RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia |
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| author | Blanca Nieves-Rodriguez Jair Rodríguez-Ivich Nana Kwame Ampomah Fabio Luiz Andretti |
| author_facet | Blanca Nieves-Rodriguez Jair Rodríguez-Ivich Nana Kwame Ampomah Fabio Luiz Andretti |
| author_sort | Blanca Nieves-Rodriguez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Objective Microgap at the implant–abutment interface is a critical factor that may influence both survival- and success rates of dental implants. Several studies have found that the shape of the abutment and implant, the kind of connection between the implant and abutment (external, internal, conical, and their variants), the material of the implant and abutment, tightening torque value of the screw, surface topography and preparation, and the marginal fit between components can all have an impact on the size of the microgap. Methods Eighty external hex implants (4.1 mm) from the same company were divided into four equal groups. Group 1: 4 mm diameter Anti-Rotational (AR) stock titanium abutments; Group 2: scanned (3Series, Dental Wings) and milled (RCS-1, Röders GmbH) 4 mm diameter zirconia abutments; Group 3: scanned (3Series, Dental Wings) and milled (CNC 240, Lava) 4mm diameter Zirconia abutments; and Group 4: two-piece 4.1 mm diameter stock abutments (Ti-base, CEREC, Sirona). Each implant-abutment pair was torqued according with the manufacturer’s instructions (30 Ncm, 20 Ncm, 20N cm & 35 Ncm, respectively). The samples were placed in a sample holder and segmented longitudinally. The implant-abutment microgaps was measured at 6 different pre-determined locations using optic microscopy. For each implant-abutment interface, corresponding microgaps at the right- and left sides for M1 (exterior), M2 (middle), and M3 (interior) as shown in Figure 1, were averaged and used for statistical analyses. Results A Kruskal-Wallis population equality rank test was performed on the measurements of microgaps across the four groups (1, 2, 3 and 4). The differences between the rank totals of both M1 and M3 measurements were significant; for M1: 634.00 (1), 852.00 (2), 1143.00 (3), and 611.00 (4) [H (3, n=80) = 16.97, and p-value <0.01] and for M3: 674.00 (1), 636.00 (2), 1294.00 (3), and 636.00 (4) [H (3, n=80) = 29.01, and p-value <0.01]. Specifically, it was detected that the sum of ranks were relatively larger for the external hex implants that were screwed with zirconia abutments in Group 3. Subsequently, a post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Dunn’s test shows that Group 1 microgaps were significantly different from those of Group 3 for both M1 (mean difference = -3.47 and p-value <0.01) and M3 (mean difference = -4.22 and p-value 0.01). The post-hoc sensitivity analysis using the Dunnett’s test confirms that the measurements in Group 1 (controls) were significantly different from those in Group 3 for both M1 (contrast = 38.15, Std. Error = 8.84, 95% CI 18.40–57.91, and p-value <0.01) and M3 (contrast = 63.51, Std. Error = 8.36, 95% CI 43.48–83.53, and p-value <0.01). Conclusion In this in vitro study, it was found that the Zirconia abutments showed relatively greater microgaps and hence mismatches at the implant-abutment interfaces compared to the prefabricated metal abutments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-de1e37a98f8d40bc98a2310dd1d31bdc |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1981-8637 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic |
| record_format | Article |
| series | RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia |
| spelling | doaj-art-de1e37a98f8d40bc98a2310dd1d31bdc2025-08-20T03:07:35ZengFaculdade São Leopoldo MandicRGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia1981-86372025-08-017310.1590/1981-86372025001220240081Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopyBlanca Nieves-Rodriguezhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-7588-2473Jair Rodríguez-Ivichhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-9262Nana Kwame Ampomahhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-5365Fabio Luiz Andrettihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-6250ABSTRACT Objective Microgap at the implant–abutment interface is a critical factor that may influence both survival- and success rates of dental implants. Several studies have found that the shape of the abutment and implant, the kind of connection between the implant and abutment (external, internal, conical, and their variants), the material of the implant and abutment, tightening torque value of the screw, surface topography and preparation, and the marginal fit between components can all have an impact on the size of the microgap. Methods Eighty external hex implants (4.1 mm) from the same company were divided into four equal groups. Group 1: 4 mm diameter Anti-Rotational (AR) stock titanium abutments; Group 2: scanned (3Series, Dental Wings) and milled (RCS-1, Röders GmbH) 4 mm diameter zirconia abutments; Group 3: scanned (3Series, Dental Wings) and milled (CNC 240, Lava) 4mm diameter Zirconia abutments; and Group 4: two-piece 4.1 mm diameter stock abutments (Ti-base, CEREC, Sirona). Each implant-abutment pair was torqued according with the manufacturer’s instructions (30 Ncm, 20 Ncm, 20N cm & 35 Ncm, respectively). The samples were placed in a sample holder and segmented longitudinally. The implant-abutment microgaps was measured at 6 different pre-determined locations using optic microscopy. For each implant-abutment interface, corresponding microgaps at the right- and left sides for M1 (exterior), M2 (middle), and M3 (interior) as shown in Figure 1, were averaged and used for statistical analyses. Results A Kruskal-Wallis population equality rank test was performed on the measurements of microgaps across the four groups (1, 2, 3 and 4). The differences between the rank totals of both M1 and M3 measurements were significant; for M1: 634.00 (1), 852.00 (2), 1143.00 (3), and 611.00 (4) [H (3, n=80) = 16.97, and p-value <0.01] and for M3: 674.00 (1), 636.00 (2), 1294.00 (3), and 636.00 (4) [H (3, n=80) = 29.01, and p-value <0.01]. Specifically, it was detected that the sum of ranks were relatively larger for the external hex implants that were screwed with zirconia abutments in Group 3. Subsequently, a post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Dunn’s test shows that Group 1 microgaps were significantly different from those of Group 3 for both M1 (mean difference = -3.47 and p-value <0.01) and M3 (mean difference = -4.22 and p-value 0.01). The post-hoc sensitivity analysis using the Dunnett’s test confirms that the measurements in Group 1 (controls) were significantly different from those in Group 3 for both M1 (contrast = 38.15, Std. Error = 8.84, 95% CI 18.40–57.91, and p-value <0.01) and M3 (contrast = 63.51, Std. Error = 8.36, 95% CI 43.48–83.53, and p-value <0.01). Conclusion In this in vitro study, it was found that the Zirconia abutments showed relatively greater microgaps and hence mismatches at the implant-abutment interfaces compared to the prefabricated metal abutments.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-86372025000100302&tlng=enDental Implant-Abutment DesignDental abutmentMonolithic zirconia |
| spellingShingle | Blanca Nieves-Rodriguez Jair Rodríguez-Ivich Nana Kwame Ampomah Fabio Luiz Andretti Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia Dental Implant-Abutment Design Dental abutment Monolithic zirconia |
| title | Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy |
| title_full | Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy |
| title_fullStr | Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy |
| title_short | Measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy |
| title_sort | measurement of the interface of external connection implants with metal or zirconia abutments under scanning electron microscopy |
| topic | Dental Implant-Abutment Design Dental abutment Monolithic zirconia |
| url | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-86372025000100302&tlng=en |
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