Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals

Abstract Background Cancer’s rising incidence and growing survivor population underscore the need for strategies to enhance health and quality of life. Outdoor physical activity (PA) settings may provide unique benefits, yet evidence in this context is scarce. This systematic review aims to evaluate...

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Main Authors: Sonia Ortega-Gómez, Luca Di Bartolo, Joanna Velissari, Beatriz Gomes, Susanna Pusa, Joshua Thaller, Sofia Papakonstantinou, Musa Kirkar, Ennio Iannitto, Nádia Moura, Carmen Nogueira, Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González, Rebecca Baxter, Paula Tavares, Apostolos Vantarakis, Antonino Bianco, Ana Carbonell-Baeza, David Jiménez-Pavón, the OACCUs consortium
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:Systematic Reviews
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-025-02834-y
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author Sonia Ortega-Gómez
Luca Di Bartolo
Joanna Velissari
Beatriz Gomes
Susanna Pusa
Joshua Thaller
Sofia Papakonstantinou
Musa Kirkar
Ennio Iannitto
Nádia Moura
Carmen Nogueira
Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
Rebecca Baxter
Paula Tavares
Apostolos Vantarakis
Antonino Bianco
Ana Carbonell-Baeza
David Jiménez-Pavón
the OACCUs consortium
author_facet Sonia Ortega-Gómez
Luca Di Bartolo
Joanna Velissari
Beatriz Gomes
Susanna Pusa
Joshua Thaller
Sofia Papakonstantinou
Musa Kirkar
Ennio Iannitto
Nádia Moura
Carmen Nogueira
Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
Rebecca Baxter
Paula Tavares
Apostolos Vantarakis
Antonino Bianco
Ana Carbonell-Baeza
David Jiménez-Pavón
the OACCUs consortium
author_sort Sonia Ortega-Gómez
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Cancer’s rising incidence and growing survivor population underscore the need for strategies to enhance health and quality of life. Outdoor physical activity (PA) settings may provide unique benefits, yet evidence in this context is scarce. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of outdoor PA and exercise interventions on the health and well-being of cancer survivors. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases from their inception until April 23, 2024. Studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs involving outdoor PA or exercise interventions for cancer survivors. The search strategy adhered to PRISMA guidelines, and the quality of studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results Twelve studies involving 712 cancer survivors were included, comprising 7 RCTs and 5 non-RCTs. Four studies compared outdoor exercise to indoor exercise instead of a usual care control group, and one used a crossover design. The interventions varied in frequency, intensity, time, and type, with Nordic walking and walking being the most common. Key findings indicated significant improvements in mental health, PA levels, muscular fitness, body composition, and exercise motivation. However, the impact on vital signs and sleep quality was inconclusive due to the limited number of studies and variability in interventions. Conclusions Outdoor PA, including structured exercise interventions, substantially benefits cancer survivors, particularly in enhancing mental health and physical fitness. Despite the promising findings, further research is needed to explore long-term effects, the benefits for different cancer types and age groups, and the underlying mechanisms of these interventions. Health practitioners should consider incorporating outdoor activities into cancer rehabilitation programs. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42024545392.
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spelling doaj-art-dd4d4dc6fe154227a36a7dcb86c23a5f2025-08-20T03:53:11ZengBMCSystematic Reviews2046-40532025-05-0114111710.1186/s13643-025-02834-yExploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individualsSonia Ortega-Gómez0Luca Di Bartolo1Joanna Velissari2Beatriz Gomes3Susanna Pusa4Joshua Thaller5Sofia Papakonstantinou6Musa Kirkar7Ennio Iannitto8Nádia Moura9Carmen Nogueira10Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González11Rebecca Baxter12Paula Tavares13Apostolos Vantarakis14Antonino Bianco15Ana Carbonell-Baeza16David Jiménez-Pavón17the OACCUs consortiumMOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de CádizSport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of PalermoDepartment of Public Health, Medical School, University of PatrasCentre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of CoimbraDepartment of Nursing, Umeå UniversityDepartment of Health Consulting, Research and Science, Outdoor Against CancerCreative Thinking Development — CRE.THI.DEVCEIPES ETSLega Italiana per la lotta Contro i Tumori (LILT Palermo)Portuguese Cancer League, Centre BranchInnovation & Development Unit, Unidade Local de Saúde de CoimbraExphy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de CádizDepartment of Nursing, Umeå UniversityCentre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of CoimbraDepartment of Public Health, Medical School, University of PatrasSport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of PalermoMOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de CádizMOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de CádizAbstract Background Cancer’s rising incidence and growing survivor population underscore the need for strategies to enhance health and quality of life. Outdoor physical activity (PA) settings may provide unique benefits, yet evidence in this context is scarce. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of outdoor PA and exercise interventions on the health and well-being of cancer survivors. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases from their inception until April 23, 2024. Studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs involving outdoor PA or exercise interventions for cancer survivors. The search strategy adhered to PRISMA guidelines, and the quality of studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results Twelve studies involving 712 cancer survivors were included, comprising 7 RCTs and 5 non-RCTs. Four studies compared outdoor exercise to indoor exercise instead of a usual care control group, and one used a crossover design. The interventions varied in frequency, intensity, time, and type, with Nordic walking and walking being the most common. Key findings indicated significant improvements in mental health, PA levels, muscular fitness, body composition, and exercise motivation. However, the impact on vital signs and sleep quality was inconclusive due to the limited number of studies and variability in interventions. Conclusions Outdoor PA, including structured exercise interventions, substantially benefits cancer survivors, particularly in enhancing mental health and physical fitness. Despite the promising findings, further research is needed to explore long-term effects, the benefits for different cancer types and age groups, and the underlying mechanisms of these interventions. Health practitioners should consider incorporating outdoor activities into cancer rehabilitation programs. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42024545392.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-025-02834-yExercise therapyQuality of lifeSurvivorshipMental health
spellingShingle Sonia Ortega-Gómez
Luca Di Bartolo
Joanna Velissari
Beatriz Gomes
Susanna Pusa
Joshua Thaller
Sofia Papakonstantinou
Musa Kirkar
Ennio Iannitto
Nádia Moura
Carmen Nogueira
Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
Rebecca Baxter
Paula Tavares
Apostolos Vantarakis
Antonino Bianco
Ana Carbonell-Baeza
David Jiménez-Pavón
the OACCUs consortium
Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
Systematic Reviews
Exercise therapy
Quality of life
Survivorship
Mental health
title Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
title_full Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
title_fullStr Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
title_short Exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors: a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
title_sort exploring the health benefits of outdoor exercise for cancer survivors a systematic review of more than 700 individuals
topic Exercise therapy
Quality of life
Survivorship
Mental health
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-025-02834-y
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