Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction
The use of electric vehicles in urban transportation is increasing daily due to their energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. In last-mile logistics, route optimization must consider charging station locations while balancing operational costs and customer satisfaction. In this context, so...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4703 |
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| author | Yasin Ünal İnci Sarıçiçek Sinem Bozkurt Keser Ahmet Yazıcı |
| author_facet | Yasin Ünal İnci Sarıçiçek Sinem Bozkurt Keser Ahmet Yazıcı |
| author_sort | Yasin Ünal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of electric vehicles in urban transportation is increasing daily due to their energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. In last-mile logistics, route optimization must consider charging station locations while balancing operational costs and customer satisfaction. In this context, solutions for cost-oriented route optimization have been presented in the literature. On the other hand, customer satisfaction is also important for third-party logistics companies. This study discusses the Capacitated Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CEVRPTW) encountered in last-mile logistics. This article defines the objective function of minimizing total tardiness and compares the routes between the service provider logistics company and the customer receiving the service. In this study, the CEVRPTW was solved for the minimum total tardiness objective function with the hybrid adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm. The success of ALNS was proven by comparing the differences between the optimal solutions obtained with the CPLEX Solver and the ALNS solutions. Tardiness objective function-specific operators for ALNS are proposed and supported by local search and VNS algorithms. The findings of this study contribute to the literature by analyzing the balance trade-offs between customer-oriented and cost-oriented and the effect of time windows on the number of vehicles. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dbdaf01b68f34ffea788c93d43a49b19 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-dbdaf01b68f34ffea788c93d43a49b192025-08-20T03:52:56ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-04-01159470310.3390/app15094703Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer SatisfactionYasin Ünal0İnci Sarıçiçek1Sinem Bozkurt Keser2Ahmet Yazıcı3Department of Computer Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskişehir, TürkiyeCenter of Intelligent Systems Applications Research (CISAR), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskişehir, TürkiyeDepartment of Computer Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskişehir, TürkiyeDepartment of Computer Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskişehir, TürkiyeThe use of electric vehicles in urban transportation is increasing daily due to their energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. In last-mile logistics, route optimization must consider charging station locations while balancing operational costs and customer satisfaction. In this context, solutions for cost-oriented route optimization have been presented in the literature. On the other hand, customer satisfaction is also important for third-party logistics companies. This study discusses the Capacitated Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CEVRPTW) encountered in last-mile logistics. This article defines the objective function of minimizing total tardiness and compares the routes between the service provider logistics company and the customer receiving the service. In this study, the CEVRPTW was solved for the minimum total tardiness objective function with the hybrid adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm. The success of ALNS was proven by comparing the differences between the optimal solutions obtained with the CPLEX Solver and the ALNS solutions. Tardiness objective function-specific operators for ALNS are proposed and supported by local search and VNS algorithms. The findings of this study contribute to the literature by analyzing the balance trade-offs between customer-oriented and cost-oriented and the effect of time windows on the number of vehicles.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4703electric vehicle routingtime windowsadaptive large neighborhood searchtardinesslast-mile delivery |
| spellingShingle | Yasin Ünal İnci Sarıçiçek Sinem Bozkurt Keser Ahmet Yazıcı Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction Applied Sciences electric vehicle routing time windows adaptive large neighborhood search tardiness last-mile delivery |
| title | Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction |
| title_full | Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction |
| title_fullStr | Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction |
| title_short | Electric Vehicle Routing with Time Windows and Charging Stations from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction |
| title_sort | electric vehicle routing with time windows and charging stations from the perspective of customer satisfaction |
| topic | electric vehicle routing time windows adaptive large neighborhood search tardiness last-mile delivery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4703 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yasinunal electricvehicleroutingwithtimewindowsandchargingstationsfromtheperspectiveofcustomersatisfaction AT incisarıcicek electricvehicleroutingwithtimewindowsandchargingstationsfromtheperspectiveofcustomersatisfaction AT sinembozkurtkeser electricvehicleroutingwithtimewindowsandchargingstationsfromtheperspectiveofcustomersatisfaction AT ahmetyazıcı electricvehicleroutingwithtimewindowsandchargingstationsfromtheperspectiveofcustomersatisfaction |