Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria
To assess potential health risks from heavy metal exposure through raw cow’s milk, we investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels in milk samples from eastern Algeria using atomic absorption spectrometry and estimated dietary risks for adults and children. In 2021, 99 milk samples were collected...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental Research Communications |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada674 |
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| author | Meriem Imen Boussadia Ali Boudebbouz Sofiane Boudalia Mohamed Amine Kerdoun Rabah Zebsa Zinette Bensakhri Atoussi Sadek |
| author_facet | Meriem Imen Boussadia Ali Boudebbouz Sofiane Boudalia Mohamed Amine Kerdoun Rabah Zebsa Zinette Bensakhri Atoussi Sadek |
| author_sort | Meriem Imen Boussadia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To assess potential health risks from heavy metal exposure through raw cow’s milk, we investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels in milk samples from eastern Algeria using atomic absorption spectrometry and estimated dietary risks for adults and children. In 2021, 99 milk samples were collected from various regions. Average Pb and Cd levels were 0.332 ± 0.097 and 0.016 ± 0.011 mg kg ^−1 , respectively, with Pb exceeding the MRL in 99% and Cd in 87% of samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for both metals were below established limits, indicating acceptable average exposure levels. However, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) assessments revealed significant concerns. For adults, THQ and HI remained below 1, and carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Pb were below 10 ^−4 . In children, Cd posed minimal risk (THQ < 1), but Pb was problematic. While average THQ for Pb was below 1, 39% of samples exceeded this limit. HI for both metals surpassed 1 in 51% of samples, and CR for Pb exceeded 10 ^−4 in 17 samples. These findings highlight the need for further analysis of milk from various Algerian regions to ensure consumer safety. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-db9246dd7db545c3a6769939415c2017 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2515-7620 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Research Communications |
| spelling | doaj-art-db9246dd7db545c3a6769939415c20172025-01-15T17:44:42ZengIOP PublishingEnvironmental Research Communications2515-76202025-01-017101501710.1088/2515-7620/ada674Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern AlgeriaMeriem Imen Boussadia0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-3160Ali Boudebbouz1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-6782Sofiane Boudalia2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7729-185XMohamed Amine Kerdoun3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6261-8090Rabah Zebsa4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-9500Zinette Bensakhri5Atoussi Sadek6Département de Biologie, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000 , AlgeriaDépartement d’Écologie et Génie de l’Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000, AlgeriaDépartement d’Écologie et Génie de l’Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000 , AlgeriaDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kasdi Merbah University , Ouargla, 30000, Algeria; Mohamed Boudiaf Public Hospital, Ouargla, 30000, Algeria; Ouargla Technical Platform of the Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Physico-Chemical Analysis (PT-CRAPC), 30000, Ouargla, AlgeriaDépartement d’Écologie et Génie de l’Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000 , AlgeriaDépartement d’Écologie et Génie de l’Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000 , AlgeriaDépartement d’Écologie et Génie de l’Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma BP 4010 Guelma 24000 , AlgeriaTo assess potential health risks from heavy metal exposure through raw cow’s milk, we investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels in milk samples from eastern Algeria using atomic absorption spectrometry and estimated dietary risks for adults and children. In 2021, 99 milk samples were collected from various regions. Average Pb and Cd levels were 0.332 ± 0.097 and 0.016 ± 0.011 mg kg ^−1 , respectively, with Pb exceeding the MRL in 99% and Cd in 87% of samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for both metals were below established limits, indicating acceptable average exposure levels. However, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) assessments revealed significant concerns. For adults, THQ and HI remained below 1, and carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Pb were below 10 ^−4 . In children, Cd posed minimal risk (THQ < 1), but Pb was problematic. While average THQ for Pb was below 1, 39% of samples exceeded this limit. HI for both metals surpassed 1 in 51% of samples, and CR for Pb exceeded 10 ^−4 in 17 samples. These findings highlight the need for further analysis of milk from various Algerian regions to ensure consumer safety.https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada674cow’s milkheavy metalsalgeriahazard indexcarcinogenic risk |
| spellingShingle | Meriem Imen Boussadia Ali Boudebbouz Sofiane Boudalia Mohamed Amine Kerdoun Rabah Zebsa Zinette Bensakhri Atoussi Sadek Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria Environmental Research Communications cow’s milk heavy metals algeria hazard index carcinogenic risk |
| title | Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria |
| title_full | Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria |
| title_fullStr | Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria |
| title_short | Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria |
| title_sort | health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow s milk from eastern algeria |
| topic | cow’s milk heavy metals algeria hazard index carcinogenic risk |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada674 |
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