Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis
IntroductionOral rinses intended for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases have traditionally focused on bactericidal effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of a naturopathic mouthwash containing plant attenuations and propolis against common gram- pathogenic and gram+ commensal o...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Oral Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/froh.2025.1529061/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849310316172673024 |
|---|---|
| author | Danyal A. Siddiqui Danyal A. Siddiqui Yi-Wen C. Tsai Yi-Wen C. Tsai Juliana Giron Bastidas Juliana Giron Bastidas Marzieh S. Jazaeri Marzieh S. Jazaeri Georgios A. Kotsakis Georgios A. Kotsakis |
| author_facet | Danyal A. Siddiqui Danyal A. Siddiqui Yi-Wen C. Tsai Yi-Wen C. Tsai Juliana Giron Bastidas Juliana Giron Bastidas Marzieh S. Jazaeri Marzieh S. Jazaeri Georgios A. Kotsakis Georgios A. Kotsakis |
| author_sort | Danyal A. Siddiqui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionOral rinses intended for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases have traditionally focused on bactericidal effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of a naturopathic mouthwash containing plant attenuations and propolis against common gram- pathogenic and gram+ commensal oral species in comparison to conventional antiseptic oral rinses.MethodsStreptoccoccus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured and treated with naturopathic StellaLife® VEGA® Oral Rinse (SL), 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), LISTERINE® COOL MINT® mouthwash (LIS), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as negative control. Firstly, planktonic bacterial growth was assessed through optical density measurements and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Subsequently, a 4-species or clinical ex vivo multispecies biofilm was used to evaluate antibiofilm effects through selective agar plating and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or live-dead biofilm imaging, respectively. Lastly, cytocompatibility to oral rinses was tested using a 3D human fibroblast spheroid model.ResultsSL significantly inhibited the growth of disease-associated F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis 12 and 120 h, respectively, after treatment, while exhibiting lower toxicity toward commensal S. oralis, S. gordonii, and V. parvula vs. LIS or CHX (all p < 0.05). Correspondingly, in 4-species biofilms, selective agar plating and FISH-staining showed decreased abundance of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis after 4 h recovery following SL treatment vs. PBS control while maintaining a robust commensal biofilm of S. oralis and V. parvula. In contrast, CHX or LIS treatment demonstrated non-selective killing, leading to sparse biofilms with residual F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. When tested against clinical ex vivo multispecies biofilms, all oral rinses showed significant antibiofilm effects (all p < 0.001), disrupting biofilm structure and reducing bacterial viability. Lastly, 3D human fibroblast spheroids treated with CHX or LIS displayed greater cytotoxicity with detachment of cellular debris from the spheroid mass, while spheroids exposed to SL exhibited minimal cell death with cellular viability maintained across the spheroid structure.DiscussionThe SL homeopathic rinse demonstrated selective action on oral bacteria, preferentially reducing pathogen bacterial load while preserving commensal species with high cytocompatibility. Future validation in human studies is needed to assess its selective antimicrobial activity to maintain a eubiotic oral microbiome and explore broader applications in oral health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dac8f79cf87d4d97a9f27ff89742ca95 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2673-4842 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Oral Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-dac8f79cf87d4d97a9f27ff89742ca952025-08-20T03:53:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oral Health2673-48422025-05-01610.3389/froh.2025.15290611529061Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosisDanyal A. Siddiqui0Danyal A. Siddiqui1Yi-Wen C. Tsai2Yi-Wen C. Tsai3Juliana Giron Bastidas4Juliana Giron Bastidas5Marzieh S. Jazaeri6Marzieh S. Jazaeri7Georgios A. Kotsakis8Georgios A. Kotsakis9Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesClinical Research Center, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesTranslational Periodontal Research Lab, Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United StatesDepartment of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesClinical Research Center, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesDepartment of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesClinical Research Center, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesDepartment of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesClinical Research Center, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United StatesIntroductionOral rinses intended for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases have traditionally focused on bactericidal effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of a naturopathic mouthwash containing plant attenuations and propolis against common gram- pathogenic and gram+ commensal oral species in comparison to conventional antiseptic oral rinses.MethodsStreptoccoccus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured and treated with naturopathic StellaLife® VEGA® Oral Rinse (SL), 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), LISTERINE® COOL MINT® mouthwash (LIS), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as negative control. Firstly, planktonic bacterial growth was assessed through optical density measurements and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Subsequently, a 4-species or clinical ex vivo multispecies biofilm was used to evaluate antibiofilm effects through selective agar plating and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or live-dead biofilm imaging, respectively. Lastly, cytocompatibility to oral rinses was tested using a 3D human fibroblast spheroid model.ResultsSL significantly inhibited the growth of disease-associated F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis 12 and 120 h, respectively, after treatment, while exhibiting lower toxicity toward commensal S. oralis, S. gordonii, and V. parvula vs. LIS or CHX (all p < 0.05). Correspondingly, in 4-species biofilms, selective agar plating and FISH-staining showed decreased abundance of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis after 4 h recovery following SL treatment vs. PBS control while maintaining a robust commensal biofilm of S. oralis and V. parvula. In contrast, CHX or LIS treatment demonstrated non-selective killing, leading to sparse biofilms with residual F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. When tested against clinical ex vivo multispecies biofilms, all oral rinses showed significant antibiofilm effects (all p < 0.001), disrupting biofilm structure and reducing bacterial viability. Lastly, 3D human fibroblast spheroids treated with CHX or LIS displayed greater cytotoxicity with detachment of cellular debris from the spheroid mass, while spheroids exposed to SL exhibited minimal cell death with cellular viability maintained across the spheroid structure.DiscussionThe SL homeopathic rinse demonstrated selective action on oral bacteria, preferentially reducing pathogen bacterial load while preserving commensal species with high cytocompatibility. Future validation in human studies is needed to assess its selective antimicrobial activity to maintain a eubiotic oral microbiome and explore broader applications in oral health.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/froh.2025.1529061/fulloral rinseschlorhexidineantimicrobial(s)oral biofilmsperiodontitisgingivitis |
| spellingShingle | Danyal A. Siddiqui Danyal A. Siddiqui Yi-Wen C. Tsai Yi-Wen C. Tsai Juliana Giron Bastidas Juliana Giron Bastidas Marzieh S. Jazaeri Marzieh S. Jazaeri Georgios A. Kotsakis Georgios A. Kotsakis Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis Frontiers in Oral Health oral rinses chlorhexidine antimicrobial(s) oral biofilms periodontitis gingivitis |
| title | Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis |
| title_full | Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis |
| title_fullStr | Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis |
| title_short | Utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis |
| title_sort | utilizing a naturopathic mouthwash with selective antimicrobial effects against multispecies oral biofilms for prevention of dysbiosis |
| topic | oral rinses chlorhexidine antimicrobial(s) oral biofilms periodontitis gingivitis |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/froh.2025.1529061/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT danyalasiddiqui utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT danyalasiddiqui utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT yiwenctsai utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT yiwenctsai utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT julianagironbastidas utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT julianagironbastidas utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT marziehsjazaeri utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT marziehsjazaeri utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT georgiosakotsakis utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis AT georgiosakotsakis utilizinganaturopathicmouthwashwithselectiveantimicrobialeffectsagainstmultispeciesoralbiofilmsforpreventionofdysbiosis |