Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues
Since early 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have been causing outbreaks in dairy cattle in the United States. Here, we compared the replicative capacity of A/dairy cattle/Texas/24-008749-001/2024 (H5N1; Cow-H5N1) isolated from a dairy cow, A/chicken/Ghana/AVL-76321VIR7050-39/202...
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Emerging Microbes and Infections |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/22221751.2025.2450029 |
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| author | Masaki Imai Hiroshi Ueki Mutsumi Ito Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto Maki Kiso Asim Biswas Sanja Trifkovic Nigel Cook Peter J. Halfmann Gabriele Neumann Amie J. Eisfeld Yoshihiro Kawaoka |
| author_facet | Masaki Imai Hiroshi Ueki Mutsumi Ito Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto Maki Kiso Asim Biswas Sanja Trifkovic Nigel Cook Peter J. Halfmann Gabriele Neumann Amie J. Eisfeld Yoshihiro Kawaoka |
| author_sort | Masaki Imai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Since early 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have been causing outbreaks in dairy cattle in the United States. Here, we compared the replicative capacity of A/dairy cattle/Texas/24-008749-001/2024 (H5N1; Cow-H5N1) isolated from a dairy cow, A/chicken/Ghana/AVL-76321VIR7050-39/2021 (H5N1; Chicken-H5N1) isolated from a chicken, and a human H1N1 2009 pandemic virus in ex vivo explant cultures of mammary gland and teat from lactating cows. We also examined the expression of influenza virus receptors in these organs. We observed that human influenza virus receptors are widely distributed throughout the epithelium of alveoli, ducts, and gland cisterns within the mammary gland, and in the teat cistern epithelium of dairy cattle, whereas avian influenza virus receptors are distributed on the alveolar, ductal, and teat cistern epithelium. We also found that Cow-H5N1 virus replicates more efficiently than Chicken-H5N1 or human H1N1pdm viruses in the gland cistern epithelium of dairy cattle. Notably, bovine H5N1 viruses replicated efficiently in the epithelium of the bovine teat cistern. These findings suggest that H5N1 viruses invade the mammary gland through the teat canal, which is easily accessed by viruses. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d39a74526d4f4376bfcf3d90f481fb63 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2222-1751 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Emerging Microbes and Infections |
| spelling | doaj-art-d39a74526d4f4376bfcf3d90f481fb632025-01-16T07:28:19ZengTaylor & Francis GroupEmerging Microbes and Infections2222-17512025-12-0114110.1080/22221751.2025.2450029Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissuesMasaki Imai0Hiroshi Ueki1Mutsumi Ito2Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto3Maki Kiso4Asim Biswas5Sanja Trifkovic6Nigel Cook7Peter J. Halfmann8Gabriele Neumann9Amie J. Eisfeld10Yoshihiro Kawaoka11Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADepartment of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanSince early 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have been causing outbreaks in dairy cattle in the United States. Here, we compared the replicative capacity of A/dairy cattle/Texas/24-008749-001/2024 (H5N1; Cow-H5N1) isolated from a dairy cow, A/chicken/Ghana/AVL-76321VIR7050-39/2021 (H5N1; Chicken-H5N1) isolated from a chicken, and a human H1N1 2009 pandemic virus in ex vivo explant cultures of mammary gland and teat from lactating cows. We also examined the expression of influenza virus receptors in these organs. We observed that human influenza virus receptors are widely distributed throughout the epithelium of alveoli, ducts, and gland cisterns within the mammary gland, and in the teat cistern epithelium of dairy cattle, whereas avian influenza virus receptors are distributed on the alveolar, ductal, and teat cistern epithelium. We also found that Cow-H5N1 virus replicates more efficiently than Chicken-H5N1 or human H1N1pdm viruses in the gland cistern epithelium of dairy cattle. Notably, bovine H5N1 viruses replicated efficiently in the epithelium of the bovine teat cistern. These findings suggest that H5N1 viruses invade the mammary gland through the teat canal, which is easily accessed by viruses.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/22221751.2025.2450029Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virusvirus receptorex vivo culturebovine mammary glandbovine teat |
| spellingShingle | Masaki Imai Hiroshi Ueki Mutsumi Ito Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto Maki Kiso Asim Biswas Sanja Trifkovic Nigel Cook Peter J. Halfmann Gabriele Neumann Amie J. Eisfeld Yoshihiro Kawaoka Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues Emerging Microbes and Infections Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus virus receptor ex vivo culture bovine mammary gland bovine teat |
| title | Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues |
| title_full | Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues |
| title_fullStr | Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues |
| title_full_unstemmed | Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues |
| title_short | Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues |
| title_sort | highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza a virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues |
| topic | Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus virus receptor ex vivo culture bovine mammary gland bovine teat |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/22221751.2025.2450029 |
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